"Preach My Psalter" – "Predica Mi Salterio"

Dominican Rosary Apostolate – Apostolado del Rosario Dominico
Friar Mariano D. Véliz, O.P., Promoter of "Preach My Psalter"
E-Mail/CE: frmarianovelizop@preachmypsalter.com
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Preach My Psalter

DOMINICAN ROSARY APOSTOLATE

     En el siglo II de la Iglesia, los antiguos Padres de la Iglesia, inspirados por Dios, desarrollaron su comprensión de la revelación recibida de Dios acerca de la Virgen María, al contemplar y estudiar a la Virgen en relación con su Hijo, Jesucristo, en la Sagrada Escritura y Tradición. Específicamente, en su comprensión de la revelación de Dios, creían que Dios creó a la Virgen María en perfecta santidad como la Segunda Eva para que algún día concebiría y daría a luz al Santísimo Hijo de Dios, Jesucristo, como hombre en perfecta santidad como el Segundo Adán. Según los Padres de la Iglesia, después de que el Primer Adán y Eva perdieron su santidad, a través del pecado, en la primera creación de Dios de la raza humana, Dios finalmente comenzó Su segunda creación de la humanidad al formar a Jesucristo y a la Virgen María en perfecta santidad como el Segundo Adán y Eva. En su perfecta santidad, como Hijo y Madre, solo ellos cumplirían perfectamente la obra que Dios los llamó a hacer en su plan de salvación para todas las personas. De hecho, solo podrían completar este trabajo con total santidad. Por un lado, en cuanto a la Virgen María, en su perfecta santidad, Dios la llamó a convertirse en la Segunda Eva, la Madre de Su Hijo Jesucristo. Esta vocación, como Madre suya, implicó formarlo en santa virtud hasta la madurez plena como hombre, no solo con sus palabras, sino también con sus acciones. En esta obra de la Divina Maternidad, se convertiría en la Primera y Máxima Discípula de su Hijo Jesucristo para la salvación de la humanidad. Por otro lado, Dios también llamó a Su Hijo, en Su perfecta santidad, a convertirse en el Hijo del Hombre, el Segundo Adán, a través de la Virgen María. Esta vocación implicó predicar el Evangelio con su vida santa, con sus palabras y acciones, especialmente con su sufrimiento y muerte, para salvar a todas las personas. En la providencia de Dios, Jesús cumple esta obra de salvación no por sí mismo, sino con la ayuda de su Madre. En consecuencia, los Padres de la Iglesia creían que la base para llamar a la Virgen María la Segunda Eva era su creación por Dios en perfecta santidad para ser la ayuda maternal de su Hijo, la Madre del Salvador, el Segundo Adán. Por eso, desde la antigüedad, los Padres de la Iglesia han llamado a la Virgen María Panagia, la Santísima Mujer, o la Sanctisisima, la Santísima Mujer. Sobre esta base, providencialmente, esta perfecta santidad de la Virgen María, como Segunda Eva, la preparó para convertirse en la Santísima Madre del Hijo de Dios, Jesucristo, el Segundo Adán, para la salvación de todos los hombres.

     En este breve artículo, comentaré algunos capítulos de tres obras de San Justino Mártir y San Ireneo de Lyon, los primeros Padres de la Iglesia del siglo II que ayudaron a la Iglesia, y a través de la inspiración de Dios, desarrollaron su comprensión de la Virgen María como la Segunda Eva, la Santísima Madre del Segundo Adán, Jesucristo. Estas obras incluyen el Diálogo con Trifón de San Justino y Contra las Herejías y La Prueba de la Predicación Apostólica de San Ireneo. Aquí estos Padres desarrollan paralelos de oposición para defender la perfecta santidad de la Virgen María como la Segunda Eva en relación con su Santo Hijo, el Segundo Adán, Jesucristo. En primer lugar, en algunos paralelos, comparan a la Virgen María y la Virgen Eva como contrarias entre sí espiritual y moralmente. Al hacerlo, no llaman directamente a la Virgen María la Segunda Eva, pero ciertamente profesan que ella es esta Segunda Mujer en la segunda creación de Dios por esta comparación. De hecho, después de proclamar a la Primera Virgen, la Virgen Eva, una virgen pecadora en la primera creación de la humanidad por parte de Dios, los Santos Justino e Ireneo proclaman la Segunda Virgen, la Virgen María, una santa virgen en la segunda creación de Dios de la raza humana. En segundo lugar, en otros paralelos de oposición, también comparan a la Virgen María y Jesucristo como contrarios espirituales y morales al Primer Adán y Eva. Aquí, una vez más, no nombran directamente a la Virgen María y Jesucristo como el Segundo Adán y Eva, pero ciertamente los proclaman como este Segundo Hombre y Mujer en la segunda creación de Dios por esta comparación. En este sentido, después de profesar que el primer Adán y Eva fueron pecadores en la primera creación de Dios de la raza humana, los Santos Justino e Ireneo proclaman que la Virgen María y Jesucristo son el Santo Hombre y Mujer en la segunda creación de la humanidad por parte de Dios. Sobre esta base, al comparar, en todos estos paralelos, la Virgen María con la Virgen Eva, o la Virgen María y Jesucristo con el Primer Adán y Eva, los Padres de la Iglesia enseñan que la naturaleza de su oposición entre sí como seres humanos sigue siendo el mismo, porque permanecen espiritual y moralmente opuestos entre sí en su humanidad.

     Como los Santos Justino e Ireneo desarrollan sus paralelos de oposición para defender la perfecta santidad de la Virgen María como la Segunda Eva, la Madre del Segundo Adán, Jesucristo, basan principalmente estos paralelos en el Génesis, las Cartas de San Pablo y el Evangelio de San Lucas, mientras los estudian y contemplan, como hombres de fe.  En estas fuentes primarias de la Sagrada Escritura, los autores humanos inspirados, Moisés y San Pablo, con la ayuda de San Lucas, desarrollan allí paralelos de oposición.  Moisés, por su parte, a través de una revelación de Dios, profetiza la venida de una Mujer y su Hijo que salvará a la humanidad del mal oponiéndose a la Serpiente y sus demonios. En cuanto a San Pablo, después de escuchar el mensaje evangélico de Cristo mismo, incluida la Tradición oral de la Anunciación en San Lucas, desarrolla un paralelo de oposición de Adán y Cristo. Por esta razón, los Santos Justino e Ireneo basarían sus paralelos principalmente en las obras de Moisés y San Pablo después de leer el Evangelio de San Lucas. Como tal, estas fuentes primarias de las Escrituras informan sus paralelos. En ellos, los Santos Justino e Ireneo comparan a la Virgen María con la Virgen Eva, o la Virgen María y Jesucristo con el Primer Adán y la Primera Eva. En consecuencia, antes de comentar las obras de los Santos Justino e Ireneo, primero comentaré brevemente el Génesis y las Cartas de San Pablo, incluido el Evangelio de San Lucas, las fuentes primarias que utilizan para desarrollar sus paralelos de oposición, como bases de la perfecta santidad de la Virgen María.

     En la primera fuente de las Escrituras, Génesis, después del pecado del Primer Adán y Eva, Dios inspiró a Moisés, el autor humano del Génesis, a proclamar, a través de un paralelo de oposición, la venida de una Mujer y su Hijo que se opondrían a la maldad (Génesis 3:15). La Iglesia profesa que esta Mujer y su Hijo, profetizados por Moisés como oponentes del mal, son el Segundo Adán y Eva, Jesucristo y Su Madre, la Virgen María, del Evangelio. Este primer paralelo de oposición del Génesis, llamado el Protoevangelio, informa los paralelos que los Santos Justin e Ireneo desarrollarían más tarde.  En este paralelo particular del Génesis, Moisés primero compara al Segundo Adán y Eva con el Primer Adán y Eva.  Por eso después de que recuerda en Génesis el pecado del Primer Hombre y la Primera Mujer, el pecado de Adán y Eva, profetiza la virtud del Segundo Hombre y la Segunda Mujer, la virtud de la Mujer y su Hijo, que algún día vendrían como el Segundo Adán y Eva para oponerse al pecado del Primer Adán y Eva por su virtud.  Como tales, estos hombres y mujeres, Adán y Cristo, por un lado, y Eva y María, por el otro, se opondrían entre sí espiritual y moralmente como seres humanos. De hecho, por su oposición entre sí, el Segundo Adán y Eva serían santos, pero el Primer Adán y Eva, pecadores.

     Además, en el segundo paralelo de oposición del Protoevangelio del Génesis, Moisés, inspirado por Dios, compara la bondad de la Mujer y su Hijo, el Segundo Adán y Eva, con la maldad de la Serpiente y Sus ángeles caídos o demonios. Ciertamente, la Mujer misma y su Hijo, en su bondad, trabajarían en nombre del Buen Dios en la guerra contra la Serpiente malvada y Sus demonios. Asi, en esta guerra del bien contra el mal, se opondrían como agentes espirituales y morales. Por lo que en este pasaje, Dios proclama, a través de Moisés, que la Mujer y su Hijo, por un lado, y la Serpiente y Sus demonios, por el otro, serían enemigos entre sí espiritual y moralmente por la Voluntad de Dios. Esto significa que la Mujer y su Hijo serían santos, pero la Serpiente y Sus demonios, impíos. En consecuencia, en el Protoevangelio, Dios promete, a través de Moisés, que la Mujer y su Hijo, en su santidad como siervos de Dios, vencerían la pecaminosidad de Satanás y Sus ángeles caídos aplastando sus cabezas, porque con este acto santo, los destruirían. Sobre esta base, este versículo del Génesis es la primera fuente en las Escrituras que los Santos Justino e Ireneo usan a medida que desarrollan sus paralelos de oposición para defender la perfecta santidad de la Virgen María en relación con su Hijo, Jesucristo.

     La segunda fuente de la Sagrada Escritura que los Santos Justino e Ireneo usan para desarrollar sus paralelos de oposición es el corpus de San Pablo, en particular su Primera Carta a los Corintios y su Carta a los Romanos. Al hacerlo, utilizan la comparación de San Pablo en su paralelo del Primer Hombre, Adán, y el Segundo Hombre, Cristo, como base para comparar a la Virgen Eva, como la Primera Mujer, y a la Virgen María, como la Segunda Mujer en sus paralelos de oposición. Por esta razón, aquí comentaré brevemente las enseñanzas de San Pablo sobre Cristo y Adán que informan las obras de los Santos Justino e Ireneo.

     En la Primera Carta de San Pablo a los Corintios alrededor del año 56, primero desarrolla un paralelo de Adán y Cristo después de estudiar y contemplar la revelación de Dios sobre Adán en el Génesis y también la revelación que recibió de Cristo mismo durante su vida (Gálatas 1:12, Hechos de los Apóstoles 9:3-5), incluida la Tradición oral del Evangelio de San Lucas. Aquí compara a Adán y Cristo como creadores o padres de la humanidad. En primer lugar, cuando San Pablo comienza este paralelo de oposición en La Primera Carta a los Corintios comparando a Adán con Cristo, llama a Adán el Primer Hombre o el Primer Adán (1 Corintios 15: 45a) en la primera creación de Dios. De hecho, Dios creó a Adán a su imagen divina (Génesis 1:27) como la primera persona humana, un ser racional y libre, que se convertiría en el padre original de la raza humana por naturaleza. Al hacerlo, formó a Adán del “polvo de la tierra” y sopló su “aliento de vida” en él (Génesis 2: 7). En consecuencia, cuando San Pablo recuerda esta revelación de Dios en el Génesis, dice que el Primer Hombre, Adán, se convirtió en el primer ser humano en recibir vida “natural” por la acción de Dios (1 Corintios 15: 45-46). De hecho, Dios lo formó para que fuera una “persona natural” (1 Corintios 2:14) “de la tierra” (1 Corintios 15: 46-47). Por lo tanto, después de que Dios creó a este primer hombre a su imagen, proclamó que era realmente “bueno” (Génesis 1:31). De todos modos, a pesar de lo bueno que Dios creó a Adán para que fuera el Primer Hombre, se hizo “terrenal” (1 Corintios 15:47). Según San Pablo, esto significa que se convirtió en un hombre “de la carne” (1 Corintios 3:3). Se convirtió en pecador (1 Corintios 3:3, 15: 21-22, Gálatas 5: 16-21). Por lo que, en la enseñanza de San Pablo, como hombre de la carne, Adán perdió la gracia de Dios por el pecado. Como consecuencia, todos los descendientes de Adán en la primera creación de Dios llevan la “imagen” de Dios según la naturaleza caída del “hombre terrenal” desde la concepción (1 Corintios 15:49), porque todos han recibido la misma naturaleza humana que Adán. Por su pecado, el Primer Hombre, Adán, sometió a todas las personas a la mortalidad y corrupción de la muerte. Sobre esta base, San Pablo llama a Adán el origen o causa de la muerte de todas las personas, porque “todos mueren en Adán” (1 Corintios 15:22). Esta no es solo una muerte espiritual, una contaminación del alma, sino también una muerte corporal para todos.

     En segundo lugar, cuando San Pablo completa este paralelo de oposición en su Primera Carta a los Corintios comparando a Cristo con el Primer Hombre, Adán, llama a Cristo el “Segundo Hombre” o el “Segundo Adán” (1 Corintios 15:45, 47). Esto significa que Dios formó a Cristo como hombre para que fuera, en cierto sentido, el Segundo Padre de la raza humana espiritualmente (1 Corintios 5: 5, 15: 3-4) en la segunda creación de Dios de la humanidad. Por lo tanto, Cristo es su Cabeza o Salvador. De hecho, así como un padre es el cabeza de familia, Cristo también es el cabeza de su familia, la Iglesia. Según San Pablo, en “la plenitud de los tiempos, Dios envió a su Hijo” para ser concebido y “nacido de una mujer” como el segundo Adán por el Espíritu Santo (Gálatas 4: 4). Por esta razón, como el Segundo Adán, el Hijo de Dios, es un hombre espiritual, un hombre del Espíritu (1 Corintios 15:46, Romanos 4: 6, 29). Como tal, el Hijo de Dios se convirtió en el Hijo del hombre, a través de una mujer, por el Espíritu Santo para comunicar la vida espiritual de “adopción” a todos los seres humanos (Romanos 8:15, Gálatas 4: 5, 1 Corintios 15:45 -46). En este acto, el Hijo natural de Dios, formado como hombre, como el Segundo Adán, los llamó a ser recreados espiritualmente como hijos e hijas adoptivos de Dios por medio del Espíritu Santo (Gálatas 4: 5-6). San Pablo llama a esta segunda creación de Dios, una recreación espiritual en Cristo, para las personas humanas (2 Corintios 5:17, Gálatas 6:15). Se vuelven “santificados en Cristo” (1 Corintios 1: 2, 6:11). En esta recreación, Dios los conforma espiritualmente a la imagen de Su Hijo por la gracia de Su Espíritu (2 Corintios 3:18, Romanos 8:29, Gálatas 4: 6-7). De hecho, por esta gracia del Espíritu de Dios, “llevan la imagen del celestial” resucitado de entre los muertos (1 Corintios, 15:49, Romanos 6: 9). Como el segundo Adán, Cristo es el origen o la causa de la resurrección de los muertos de todas las personas, porque “en Cristo todos resucitarán” (1 Corintios 15: 21-22). Esto es, ante todo, una resurrección espiritual para ellos, por la gracia del Espíritu Santo, en el Bautismo. San Pablo llama a esto la gracia de la justificación (Romanos 5:17), porque todos se vuelven justos. Sobre esta base, esta gracia ciertamente los prepara espiritualmente para una resurrección corporal incorruptible de entre los muertos en el Ultimo Día, el Día del Señor (1 Corintios 15: 52-54, 5: 5).

     Además, en la Carta de San Pablo a los Romanos alrededor del año 57 o 58 (Romanos 5:12-21), desarrolla otro rasgo de su paralelo Adán y Cristo al comparar el juicio que Adán recibió por su desobediencia y el don que Cristo recibió por Su obediencia. Así como el primer Adán recibió un juicio de condenación a muerte por su desobediencia, Cristo, el segundo Adán, el justo Hijo de Dios, mereció el don de la justificación por su obediencia. En consecuencia, como cabezas o padres de sus descendientes naturales y espirituales, San Pablo dice que tanto el Primer Adán como el Segundo Adán comunicaron a su pueblo las consecuencias o frutos de sus acciones. Por un lado, esto significa que los descendientes naturales del Primer Adán, todas las personas, recibieron el juicio de la condenación que Adán recibió por su acto de desobediencia. Esta fue una condena a muerte para todos los seres humanos. Asi, por su desobediencia, el Primer Adán los engendró a todos a la muerte espiritual, la pérdida de su gracia original, desde su concepción en el vientre de su madre. Esta muerte comienza interiormente en su corazón, pero termina en su muerte corporal. Por otro lado, el Segundo Adán, Cristo, comunicó a Sus descendientes espirituales, miembros de Su Cuerpo, la Iglesia, el don de la justificación que Él merecía para ellos por Su acto de obediencia. Sobre esta base, se hicieron justos, por el don de la gracia que recibieron de Cristo, a través de Su obediencia.

     La tercera fuente primaria de las obras de los Santos Justino e Ireneo es el Evangelio. Aquí solo comentaré brevemente la Anunciación del Evangelio de San Lucas. Como recordará, este pasaje de la Sagrada Escritura narra la revelación del ángel Gabriel de la Palabra de Dios a la Virgen María. Cuando aparece ante ella, primero le proclama su saludo angelical: “¡Salve, llena eres de gracia! El Señor es contigo ”(Lucas 1:28). Según la Tradición, aquí el saludo del ángel Gabriel a la Virgen María, Dios te salve, llena eres de gracia, se refiere a la plenitud de la gracia de Dios que ella recibió de Él, mediante su concepción, como ser humano. En otras palabras, este saludo del ángel Gabriel recuerda que Dios formó a la Virgen María en la gracia de la perfecta santidad. De hecho, la palabra griega “kecharitomene” (llena de gracia) revela que Él la creó completamente santificada en su persona. Por lo que ella nunca estuvo sujeta al pecado. La base para que Dios concibiera a la Virgen María en perfecta santidad fue que Él quiso que fuera la Segunda Eva, la Santa Madre del Segundo Adán, Jesucristo. Por lo cual, ella recibió esta plenitud de gracia de Dios como la Segunda Eva para prepararla para convertirse en la Madre del Segundo Adán. Asi, después de saludarla como tal, el ángel Gabriel le revela a la Virgen María que ella concebirá y dará a luz al Hijo de Dios como Hijo del Hombre por el Espíritu Santo (Lucas 1:35). Por eso, en su fidelidad como Segunda Eva, la Virgen María cree la revelación que recibe de Dios a través del ángel Gabriel. En este acto de fe, ella ofrece fielmente su obediencia a la Palabra de Dios: “He aquí, soy la esclava del Señor. Hágase en mí según Su palabra” (Lucas 1:38). Aquí su obediencia a Dios es fruto de su perfecta santidad. Sobre esta base, en su Evangelio, San Lucas describe a la Virgen María como lo opuesto a la Virgen Eva, que desobedeció a Dios, porque ella es la Segunda Eva, la Santa Mujer, que concebiría y daría a luz a su Hijo, el Segundo Adán, en obediencia a la Palabra de Dios. Como tal, aquí la enseñanza de San Lucas sobre la Virgen María informa los paralelos de oposición que los Santos Justino e Ireneo se desarrollarían como base para la perfecta santidad de la Virgen María.

     Para continuar, ofreceré mi comentario sobre las obras de los Padres de la Iglesia, San Justino Mártir y San Ireneo de Lyon, quienes utilizaron los pasajes antes mencionados del Génesis, las Cartas de San Pablo y el Evangelio de San Lucas para desarrollar sus paralelos de oposición como base para la perfecta santidad de la Segunda Eva, la Virgen María, en relación con su Hijo, el Segundo Adán, Jesucristo. La Virgen María tenía que ser santa como mujer antes de poder concebir y dar a luz a su santo Hijo como hombre. Los paralelos de oposición, desarrollados primero en Génesis, las Cartas de San Pablo y el Evangelio de San Lucas, y más tarde en las obras de los Santos Justino e Ireneo, revelan que la santidad de la Virgen María y Jesucristo, como el Segundo Adán y Eva, nunca podría ser contaminada por la pecaminosidad del Primer Adán y Eva o por la maldad de Satanás y Sus ángeles caídos. Como resultado, estos paralelos de oposición en la Sagrada Escritura y la Tradición revelan que la Virgen María y Jesucristo, por un lado, y Adán y Eva, y Satanás y sus demonios, por otro lado, se oponen entre sí espiritual y moralmente. Los Santos Justino e Ireneo proclamaron esta verdad en sus obras.

     En cuanto a San Justino Mártir, un apologista del siglo II (100-165 d. C.), fue el primer Padre de la Iglesia en desarrollar el paralelo Eva y María en su Diálogo con Trifón (161 d. C.) después de leer el Libro de Génesis, las Cartas de San Pablo, y el Evangelio de San Lucas. Al hacerlo, San Justino considera su relación solo brevemente al final del capítulo 100, pero es el primer Padre de la Iglesia en hacer esto. Su breve paralelo aquí fue todavía un desarrollo en la enseñanza mariana en el siglo II. Este es un desarrollo en la comprensión de la revelación recibida de Dios sobre la persona y misión de la Virgen María. En su Diálogo, San Justino desarrolla este paralelo de Eva y María comparando la desobediencia de la Primera Eva, la Virgen Eva, y la obediencia de la Segunda Eva, la Virgen María. En particular, el Hijo de Dios se convirtió en el Hijo del Hombre mediante la obediencia de la Virgen María para destruir la desobediencia de la Virgen Eva. Por eso, así como la Virgen Eva destruyó su obediencia a la Palabra de Dios al obedecer la palabra de la Serpiente, la Virgen María destruyó la obediencia de la Virgen Eva a la palabra de la Serpiente al obedecer la Palabra de Dios que le fue anunciada a través del ángel. En consecuencia, por un lado, al concebir la palabra de la Serpiente a través de la desobediencia, la Virgen Eva “llevó la muerte en sí misma”. Y por ende, se convirtió en la madre de la muerte. Por otro lado, al concebir la Palabra de Dios en la fe mediante la obediencia, la Virgen María se convirtió en la madre de la vida divina a través del Espíritu Santo. Asi, en fiel obediencia a Dios, ella creyó fielmente en la Palabra que recibió de Dios a través del ángel. Esta es la Palabra de que ella se convertiría en la madre de Su Hijo, el Dios-Hombre, Jesucristo. Cuando proclamó: “He aquí la esclava del Señor. Hágase en mí según tu palabra ”(Lucas 1:38). Por esto, mediante su fiel sí a Dios, la Virgen María concibió y dio a luz al Hijo de Dios, como Hijo del Hombre, que salvaría, en primer lugar, a todos los arrepentidos, que creyeran fielmente en Él. En segundo lugar, este Hijo de Dios, que fue concebido y nacido de la Virgen María como el Hijo del Hombre, también destruiría a todos los incrédulos impenitentes por su infidelidad. Asi, todas las personas de fe arrepentidas serían salvadas del pecado y la muerte por el Dios-Hombre, Jesucristo, imitando la fe de Su madre, la Virgen María, quien obedeció fielmente a la Palabra que recibió del ángel de Dios. A la inversa, todos los incrédulos impenitentes serían destruidos por Él por imitar la infidelidad de la Virgen Eva, que desobedeció la Palabra de Dios, al obedecer la palabra que recibió de la Serpiente. Esta Serpiente, incluidos los ángeles caídos, también sería destruida por el Dios-Hombre. Sobre esta base, aquí San Justino desarrolla este paralelo de Eva y María para proclamar que la Virgen Eva, la Auxiliadora de Adán, se convirtió en la madre de la muerte de todas las personas por su desobediencia a Dios, pero la Virgen María, Auxiliar de su Hijo, Jesucristo, se convirtió en la Segunda Eva, la madre de la vida de la gracia para todos los seres humanos, por su obediencia a Dios (Diálogo, Capítulo 100).

     San Ireneo (115-202 d.C.), Obispo de Lyon, fue el segundo Padre de la Iglesia en desarrollar la comprensión de la Iglesia de la Virgen María en relación con su Hijo, Jesucristo, después de leer las fuentes mencionadas en la Sagrada Escritura, incluida la obra de San Justino. Lo hace, en primer lugar, en el capítulo 19 del Libro III en Contra las Herejías (180 d.C.). En esta obra, San Ireneo presenta a la Virgen María como la Segunda Eva, la Ayudante de su Hijo, Jesucristo, en el plan de salvación de Dios para los seres humanos. Es cierto que no menciona directamente a Adán y Eva en este capítulo, pero estos primeros seres humanos, creados por Dios, como esposo y esposa, que se convertirían en los primeros padres de la raza humana, ciertamente informan lo que él enseña aquí sobre Jesús y María. Según San Ireneo, después de que el Primer Adán y Eva corrompieron a sus descendientes humanos, a través del pecado, Dios levantó un Segundo Adán y Eva, Jesús y María, para salvarlos a través de su fidelidad a Dios. En consecuencia, para San Ireneo, Dios llamó a Jesús y María, Hijo y Madre, para ser, en cierto sentido, los segundos padres de los seres humanos, un Padre y una Madre espirituales, que trabajarían para salvarlos en el plan de salvación de Dios. De hecho, San Ireneo cree, en el plan de Dios, que esta obra de salvación de Jesús y Su Ayudante, la Virgen María, inició una segunda creación de todas las personas por adopción. Esto significa que en la providencia de Dios, llamó a todos los seres humanos a “recibir el don de la adopción” convirtiéndose en hijos e hijas de Dios a través de una “promoción a Dios”. Por esta razón, en la enseñanza de San Ireneo, el Hijo de Dios, Jesucristo, se hizo hombre para que los seres humanos fueran adoptados como hijos e hijas de Dios. Como resultado, les ofreció la inmortalidad y la incorruptibilidad, por adopción, porque era “más que un simple hombre”, “mas que todos los hombres.” Para San Ireneo, solo Jesucristo, como Hijo de Dios, pudo haber salvado a todas las personas como hombres. Solo Él podría haberlos recreado en Su imagen divina como hijos e hijas de Dios inmortales e incorruptibles por adopción (Contra las Herejías, Libro III, Capítulo 19, Párrafos 1-3).

     De todos modos, San Ireneo también enseña que debido a que el Hijo de Dios requirió una verdadera naturaleza humana que descendiera del Primer Adán, a través de la casa de David, solo Él pudo haber ofrecido este regalo de adopción a los seres humanos, por Su concepción humana. y nacimiento de una virgen hija de David. En la providencia de Dios, esta virgen, por supuesto, fue la Virgen María, la Segunda Eva, que concibió y dio a luz al Hijo de Dios. En esta obra de San Ireneo, Contra las Herejías, proclama que así como el Hijo de Dios recibió una generación divina preeminente de Dios Padre desde toda la eternidad, también recibió una generación humana preeminente en el tiempo de Su Madre, la Virgen María. Al hacerlo, San Ireneo indica que la preeminencia de las generaciones divina y humana del Hijo de Dios significa que ambos generadores, Dios Padre y la Virgen Madre de Dios, serían perfectos en su divinidad y humanidad respectivamente. Como tal, el Hijo de Dios mismo también sería perfecto como Dios y como hombre. En este sentido, en su perfección, el Hijo de Dios se convirtió en el Hijo del Hombre de la humanidad de María para salvar a todos los seres humanos como hijos e hijas adoptivos de Dios Padre y de la Virgen Madre. Finalmente, San Ireneo se hace esta pregunta: ¿Quién hubiera imaginado que el Hijo de Dios, engendrado eternamente del Padre, hubiera salvado a la humanidad por una generación temporal de una Virgen humana? ¿Quién se hubiera imaginado que podría haber concebido virginalmente al Hijo de Dios como hombre y permanecer virgen al dar a luz? Solo convirtiéndose en un verdadero hombre de una verdadera Virgen podría el verdadero Dios sufrir, morir y resucitar en gloria por la salvación de todos los seres humanos. De hecho, solo por Su concepción y nacimiento como hombre, a través de la Virgen María, podrían todos convertirse en beneficiarios de Su resurrección inmortal e incorruptible de entre los muertos. Sobre esta base, para San Ireneo, la salvación de todas las personas, por adopción, fue una obra realizada principalmente por el Segundo Adán, Cristo mismo, como Agente Principal, pero en segundo lugar por la Virgen María, Su Auxiliadora materna, como Segunda Eva, porque Él recibió Su humanidad de ella (Contra Herejías, Libro III, Capítulo 19, Párrafos 1-3).

     Adicionalmente, en el capítulo 21 del Libro III en Contra las Herejías, San Ireneo desarrolla un paralelo que involucra la creación de Dios del Primer Hombre, Adán, de la tierra virgen (Génesis 2: 7) y Su formación del Segundo Adán, Cristo, de la Virgen María. Por lo que, así como el Primer Adán no tuvo un padre natural, sino que fue creado de la tierra virgen por Dios mismo, tampoco el Segundo Adán, Cristo, tuvo un padre natural, sino que fue formado por Dios mismo de la Virgen María. En este paralelo, San Ireneo compara la moralidad del Primer Adán creado de la tierra virgen para ser un padre natural y la moralidad del Segundo Adán creado de la Virgen María para ser un padre espiritual. Por un lado, el Primer Hombre, Adán, recibió la sustancia de su naturaleza humana de tierra virgen a través de la Palabra de Dios. Como el Primer Hombre, fue creado por la Palabra de Dios en la sustancia de su humanidad de la tierra virgen para ser el origen natural o padre de todos los seres humanos en la primera creación de Dios, pero desobedeció la Palabra de Dios. Realmente, desobedeció la Palabra de Dios al pecar contra él. Por eso, con su desobediencia, el Primer Hombre, Adán, introdujo a todos los seres humanos fruto malo, el fruto del pecado, incluso la muerte. Por consiguiente, como padre del pecado, se convirtió en padre de la muerte para todos. Por otro lado, el Segundo Adán, Cristo, recibió la sustancia de su naturaleza humana de la Segunda Eva, la Virgen María, en la segunda creación de Dios. En consecuencia, formado por Dios a partir de la Virgen María en la sustancia de su humanidad, recapituló o resumió la creación del Primer Adán en sí mismo, incluidos sus descendientes. Como tal, como el Segundo Adán, fue concebido y nacido de la Virgen María, mediante la Palabra de Dios, para ser el origen espiritual o padre de todos los seres humanos, por Su obediencia a Dios mismo, en Su segunda creación. En Su obediencia a Él, presentó buen fruto, el fruto de justicia, a todas las personas. Esto significa que, como origen o padre de la justicia, se convirtió en el padre de la vida espiritual de todos los seres humanos. Según San Ireneo, Cristo, el Segundo Adán, solo podría haberse convertido en un origen espiritual o padre de justicia para todas las personas, por medio de la Segunda Eva, la Virgen María. Después de todo, como el Segundo Adán, en la segunda creación de Dios, recibió de la humanidad de la Virgen María, la naturaleza humana del Primer Adán. Como resultado, a través de esta naturaleza, recapituló al Primer Adán en Sí mismo, incluidos todos los descendientes de Adán. Sobre esta base, en esta recapitulación, los salvó como hombres, por Su justicia, en obediencia a la Palabra de Dios (Contra las Herejías, Libro III, Capítulo 21, Párrafo 10).

     Además, en el capítulo 22 del Libro III en Contra de las Herejías, San Ireneo desarrolla, por primera vez, un paralelo de Eva y María. En este paralelo, compara la desobediencia de la Virgen Eva y la obediencia de la Virgen María. Por un lado, como mujer, casada con su esposo, Adán, la Primera Eva fue desobediente a Dios como virgen en su matrimonio. En consecuencia, por su desobediencia, se convirtió en causa de muerte para ella y para todos los seres humanos. Por esta razón, se le llama la madre de la muerte, porque ella fue la madre de todas las personas para la muerte espiritual y corporal. Al hacerlo, San Ireneo enseña que esta Primera Mujer, la Virgen Eva, ató a todos los seres humanos en un nudo, el nudo de la muerte, por su desobediencia a Dios. Por otro lado, como mujer, casada con su esposo, San José, María, la Segunda Eva, fue obediente a Dios como virgen en su matrimonio. En consecuencia, a través de su obediencia a Dios, se convirtió en la causa de la salvación para ella y para todas las personas. Como tal, ella es la madre de la vida, porque ella llevó a todas las personas a la vida de salvación espiritual y corporal. Según San Ireneo, esto significa que esta Segunda Eva, la Virgen María, desató el nudo de la muerte de todas las personas por su obediencia a Dios. De hecho, a través de su obediencia, desató la desobediencia de Eva. Por eso, con su acto de obediencia, liberó a los seres humanos de su esclavitud a la desobediencia, incluida la muerte. San Ireneo llama a la obediencia de la Virgen María un acto de fe, porque ella obedeció fielmente la Palabra de Dios. A la inversa, él llama a la desobediencia de la Virgen Eva un acto de incredulidad, porque ella desobedeció infielmente la Palabra de Dios. Ella no tenía fe en lo que le decía. Como tal, la Virgen Eva se convirtió en la madre de la esclavitud de la muerte, pero la Virgen María se convirtió en la madre de la vida en libertad. Sobre esta base, lo que la Virgen Eva ató con su incredulidad, la Virgen María lo desató con su fe (Contra las Herejías, Libro III, Capítulo 22, Párrafo 4).

     También en el capítulo 19 del Libro V en Contra las Herejías, San Ireneo desarrolla aún más su paralelo Eva y María. En este paralelo, compara la influencia que los ángeles santos y caídos tuvieron sobre la Virgen Eva y la Virgen María. Por un lado, después de escuchar la palabra engañosa de la Serpiente, el mismo Satanás, la Virgen Eva creyó la mentira que escuchó de Él. En consecuencia, fue engañada por Su engaño para que huyera de Dios por desobediencia. Por otro lado, después de que la Virgen María, la Segunda Eva, escuchó la Palabra de Dios del santo ángel, San Gabriel, ella creyó que Su mensaje era verdadero. Este fue el mensaje de que ella concebiría y llevaría a Dios mismo. Por esta razón, el santo ángel la guió a Dios, a través de Su mensaje, que se convertiría en Madre de Dios por su obediencia a Su Palabra. Según San Ireneo, esto significa que a través de su obediencia a la Palabra de Dios, al convertirse en Su Madre, la Virgen María se convertiría en la Patrona (Abogada) de la Virgen Eva, incluida la Patrona de todos los descendientes de la Virgen Eva.  En este sentido, para San Ireneo, tan pecadora como lo fue la Virgen Eva, todavía fue redimida por Dios, a través del Patronato de la Virgen María, Madre de Dios. Por tanto, así como la Virgen Eva sometió a la muerte a sus descendientes por su desobediencia virginal, la Virgen María salvó a la Virgen Eva, incluidos sus descendientes, instrumentalmente de tal muerte, por su obediencia virginal (Contra las Herejías, Libro V, Capítulo 19, Párrafo 1).

     Finalmente, en su Prueba de la Predicación Apostólica (185 d.C.), San Ireneo continúa su desarrollo de su paralelo Eva y María. Al hacerlo, aplica su doctrina de la recapitulación, por primera vez, a Eva y María en relación con Adán y Cristo. Como recordará, San Ireneo primero aplica esta doctrina solo a Adán y a Cristo en el capítulo 21 del Libro III en Contra las Herejías. En esta obra, Prueba de la Predicación Apostólica, San Ireneo proclama que esta recapitulación involucra, en primer lugar, a Cristo y a la Virgen María resumiendo la creación original de Adán y Eva, a través de su formación como Segundo Hombre y Mujer, por la Voluntad y Sabiduría de Dios. Este es el comienzo de la segunda creación de la humanidad por parte de Dios. Por un lado, Cristo, el Segundo Adán, recapituló en Sí mismo Su creación del Primer Adán de la tierra virgen al formar una naturaleza humana para Él mismo de la Virgen María, la Segunda Eva, por Su Voluntad y Sabiduría. En verdad, fue concebido y nacido de ella como hombre, por la Voluntad de Dios, mediante el Espíritu Santo, el Espíritu de Sabiduría. Por otro lado, la Virgen María recapituló en sí misma la creación de Cristo de la Virgen Eva del Primer Hombre, Adán, porque la formó, en cierto sentido, de Él mismo, el Segundo Adán, por Su Voluntad y Sabiduría. Como tal, para San Ireneo, la recapitulación es, ante todo, una obra de creación. Aquí Dios mismo, por Su Voluntad y Sabiduría, formó la humanidad una segunda vez en las personas del Segundo Adán y la Segunda Eva. En este acto de creación, recapitularon la creación original de Adán y Eva. En segundo lugar, San Ireneo también proclama que la recapitulación es una obra de salvación que Jesús y la Virgen María, Hijo y Madre, cumplieron como el Segundo Adán y Eva por su obediencia a Dios. En este sentido, Cristo y la Virgen María, mediante su obediencia, resumieron espiritual y moralmente a Adán y Eva para destruir su desobediencia por la Voluntad y Sabiduría de Dios. De hecho, así como Cristo, mediante su obediencia, como agente espiritual y moral, recapituló a Adán en sí mismo para destruir la desobediencia de Adán, de manera similar la Virgen María, por su parte, recapituló a Eva en sí misma espiritual y moralmente, mediante su obediencia, para destruir la desobediencia de Eva. En esta obra de recapitulación del plan de salvación de Dios por la obediencia de Cristo y Su Madre, la Virgen María, no solo destruyeron la desobediencia de Adán y Eva, sino que también destruyeron la consecuencia de su desobediencia, la muerte. Según San Ireneo, esta obra de salvación, a través de la recapitulación, implicó un proceso de restauración llamado recirculación. En su enseñanza, esta obra se cumplió, ante todo, por las acciones de Cristo mismo, Agente Principal de la salvación, pero también en segundo lugar por las acciones de la Virgen María, como Auxiliadora de su Hijo, el Salvador. Aquí las acciones virtuosas de Cristo y la Virgen María contrarrestaron las acciones pecaminosas de Adán y Eva. En consecuencia, como el Primer Adán perdió su comunión en la amistad de Dios al ordenar sus acciones pecaminosamente contra Dios por medio de la desobediencia, Cristo, el Segundo Adán, por Su parte, recuperó esta unión o amistad divina al ordenar sus acciones virtuosamente a Dios a través de la obediencia. Asimismo, como la Primera Eva perdió su comunión en la amistad de Dios al ordenar sus acciones pecaminosamente contra Dios por la desobediencia, la Virgen María, por su parte, como Segunda Eva, preparó a su Hijo, el Segundo Adán, para recuperar esta amistad divina ordenando sus acciones virtuosamente a Dios mediante la obediencia. En este sentido, aquí las acciones virtuosas de Cristo y la Virgen María, Hijo y Madre, son paralelas a las acciones pecaminosas de Adán y Eva, esposo y esposa, paso a paso, en orden inverso. Este es el proceso de restauración de la raza humana que Cristo y la Virgen María cumplieron en obediencia a la Voluntad y Sabiduría de Dios al volver sobre los pasos en falso de la desobediencia de Adán y Eva como medio para deshacer lo que hicieron. En esta obra de restauración, Cristo ciertamente salvó a la humanidad, como Agente Principal, por Su obediencia a Dios, pero Su obediencia dependía de la obediencia de Su Auxiliar, la Virgen María. Esto significa que Él solo pudo obedecer a Dios porque la Virgen María primero ofreció su obediencia a Dios como una preparación para que Él obedeciera a Dios. Por lo tanto, la obediencia de la Virgen María a Dios al concebir y dar a luz a Cristo, el Hijo de Dios como Hijo del Hombre, lo preparó para sufrir y morir por la humanidad en obediencia a Dios. Como resultado, San Ireneo proclama que los seres humanos fueron “reanimados y recibieron vida” a través de la obediencia de la Virgen María a Dios, porque por su obediencia, el Hijo de Dios se hizo hombre, mediante ella, para ofrecer su vida inmortal e incorruptible a todas las personas en obediencia a Dios. Por esta razón, San Ireneo llama a la Virgen María la Intercesora de la Virgen Eva y su esposo, Adán, incluidos sus descendientes humanos. Sobre esta base, por su intercesión materna, como Madre del Hijo de Dios, la Virgen María trabajó como Ayudante de su Hijo para devolver a los seres humanos la comunión de la amistad de Dios (Prueba de la Predicación Apostólica, 30-33).

     En conclusión, los diversos paralelismos de oposición en la Escritura, particularmente en el Génesis, las Cartas de San Pablo y el Evangelio de San Lucas, informan los paralelos desarrollados en la Tradición por los Santos Justino e Ireneo. En estos paralelos, Dios proclama, a través de los autores humanos de la Escritura y la Tradición, la perfecta santidad que la Virgen María recibió de Dios como la Segunda Eva. Por medio de esta perfecta santidad, la preparó para convertirse en la Santísima Madre del Hijo de Dios, el Segundo Adán, Jesucristo.  Por lo que, en estos paralelos de oposición, los autores de Escritura y Tradición ofrecen tres comparaciones de personas que se oponen espiritual y moralmente.

     En primer lugar, estos autores inspirados comparan la santidad de la Segunda Eva, la Virgen María, con la pecaminosidad de la Primera Eva, la Virgen Eva. En este sentido, para ellos, la Virgen María, en su santidad, se opone a la pecaminosidad de la Virgen Eva; y la Virgen Eva, en su pecaminosidad, se opone a la santidad de la Virgen María. Por eso, como Virgen santa, llaman a María modelo de fe, mujer de obediencia, madre de vida, madre de la libertad, madre de la salvación y desatadora de nudos.  Por el contrario, en la pecaminosidad de la Virgen Eva como Primera Eva, la llaman el modelo de la incredulidad, la mujer de la desobediencia, la madre de la muerte, la madre de la esclavitud, la madre de la condenación y la atadora de nudos.

     En segundo lugar, los autores de la Escritura y la Tradición también comparan la santidad de la Virgen María y Jesucristo, el Segundo Adán y Eva, con la pecaminosidad del Primer Adán y Eva. Asi, la Virgen María y Jesucristo, Madre e Hijo, por su santidad como segunda pareja en la segunda creación de Dios, se oponen a la pecaminosidad de Adán y Eva, la primera pareja, como marido y mujer; y Adán y Eva, por su pecaminosidad, se oponen a la Virgen María y Cristo. Por lo que, en su santa relación de Madre e Hijo, Jesucristo y la Virgen María, como el Segundo Adán y Eva, son descritos, por los autores inspirados, como un padre y una madre espiritual para la humanidad, no por naturaleza, sino por la gracia. De hecho, en su trabajo como Madre e Hijo en la segunda creación de Dios, engendran hijos para Dios, espiritualmente, por adopción, a través del Espíritu Santo. Por eso se les llama madre y padre de la vida, vida divina, para el pueblo de Dios. Asi, el Segundo Adán se hizo hombre por medio de la Segunda Eva para que todas las personas serían recreadas como hijos santos de Dios a través de ellos. Por otro lado, los autores inspirados de la Escritura y la Tradición, describen al Primer Adán y Eva como la madre y el padre de todas las personas, por generación natural, según la carne. Como sus primeros padres, por naturaleza, que pecaron contra Dios, los engendraron a una vida de pecado. Esta es una generación pecadora. En consecuencia, no solo se les llama la madre y el padre del pecado, sino también la madre y el padre de la muerte, porque por su pecado, todas las personas sufren la muerte espiritualmente desde la concepción y por fin morirán físicamente.

     Finalmente, los autores inspirados de la Escritura y la Tradición comparan la santidad de la Virgen María y Jesucristo, el Segundo Adán y Eva, con la pecaminosidad de la Serpiente y Su descendencia, los demonios. Por esta razón, la Virgen María y Jesucristo, Madre e Hijo, por su santidad como el Segundo Adán y Eva, se oponen a la pecaminosidad de la Serpiente y Sus demonios; y por su parte, la Serpiente y sus demonios, por su pecaminosidad, se oponen a la Virgen María y a Cristo. Como resultado, los autores, bajo la inspiración de Dios, describen a la Virgen María en relación con su Hijo, Jesucristo, como la Auxiliadora maternal del Salvador. En su trabajo para salvar a los seres humanos del mal, como Madre e Hijo, aplastan la cabeza de la Serpiente, el Padre del mal, incluidos Sus demonios. Como tal, la Virgen María, como Segunda Eva, es llamada Patrona o Abogada de todas las personas, porque ella intercede ante su Hijo, el Segundo Adán, en su nombre, a través de sus oraciones, en la guerra contra Satanás y sus demonios. Sobre esta base, mediante su ministerio como compañera de su Hijo, el Segundo Adán, la Virgen María participa en la obra de su Hijo para salvar a los seres humanos de la maldad de la Serpiente y sus demonios.

     En todos estos paralelos, por los autores inspirados de la Escritura y la Tradición, Dios revela la perfecta santidad de la Virgen María, la Segunda Eva, como Madre del Segundo Adán, por su oposición a la pecaminosidad de la Virgen Eva y la Serpiente. En este sentido, aquí se opone a todos los pecadores, humanos y demoníacos, a través de su santidad. Según la Tradición, esta oposición a los pecadores, por parte de la Virgen María, la Segunda Eva, no es una oposición parcial e imperfecta, sino una oposición completa y perfecta. Esto significa que ella se opone perfecta y completamente, por su perfecta santidad, a la pecaminosidad de Eva y la Serpiente. Por un lado, la Santísima Virgen, ciertamente se opone total y perfectamente al pecado de Eva y sus hijos, pero también intercede en oración ante Dios por ellos por su salvación para que se arrepientan de sus pecados. Por otro lado, en su perfecta santidad, la Virgen María no reza por Satanás y sus demonios, sino que sigue siendo por toda la eternidad su enemigo perfecto y completo como Auxiliadora materna de su Hijo, el Salvador. Por lo que, en la perfecta y completa enemistad de la Virgen María con el pecado de la Virgen Eva y la Serpiente, los opone plena y perfectamente por su perfecta santidad. Como tal, los paralelos de oposición en la Escritura y la Tradición solo funcionan porque la Virgen María fue concebida por Dios en perfecta santidad a través de la gracia singular de su Inmaculada Concepción y vivió una vida perfectamente santa en la tierra como la Segunda Eva. Así que, ella nunca estuvo sujeta al pecado en absoluto, ni al pecado original ni al pecado personal o actual, porque su Hijo, el Segundo Adán, la salvó, por los méritos previstos de Su pasión, al preservarla del pecado, en creándola inmaculadamente como un ser humano, la Santísima Segunda Eva.

En Cristo con la Santísima María,

Fray Mariano D. Veliz, O.P.

     In the second century of the Church, the ancient Fathers of the Church, inspired by God, developed their understanding of the received revelation from God about the Virgin Mary, as they contemplated and studied the Virgin in relationship to her Son, Jesus Christ in Scripture and Tradition.  Specifically, in their understanding of God’s revelation, they believed that God created the Virgin Mary in perfect holiness as the Second Eve that she would someday conceive and bear the All-Holy Son of God, Jesus Christ, as man in perfect holiness as the Second Adam.  According to the Church Fathers, after the First Adam and Eve lost their holiness, through sin, in God’s first creation of the human race, God eventually began His second creation of humanity by forming Jesus Christ and the Virgin Mary in perfect holiness as the Second Adam and Eve.  In their perfect holiness, as Son and Mother, they alone would fulfill perfectly the work that God called them to do in His plan of salvation for all people.  Indeed, they could only complete this work by such holiness.  On the one hand, as for the Virgin Mary, in her perfect holiness, God called her to become the Second Eve, the Mother of His Son, Jesus Christ.  This vocation, as His Mother, involved forming Him in holy virtue to full maturity as man not only by her words, but also by her actions.  In this work of the Divine Maternity, she would become the First and Greatest Disciple of her Son, Jesus Christ, for the salvation of humanity.  On the other hand, God also called His Son, in His perfect holiness, to become the Son of Man, the Second Adam, through the Virgin Mary.  This vocation involved preaching the Gospel by His holy life, through His words and actions, especially by His suffering and death, to save all people.  In God’s providence, Jesus fulfills this work of salvation not by Himself, but through the help of His Mother.  Accordingly, the Fathers of the Church believed that the basis for calling the Virgin Mary the Second Eve was her creation by God in perfect holiness to be the maternal helpmate of her Son, the Mother of the Savior, the Second Adam.  For this reason, from ancient times, the Church Fathers have called the Virgin Mary the Panagia, the All-Holy Woman, or the Sanctissima, the Most Holy Woman.  On this basis, providentially, this perfect holiness of the Virgin Mary, as the Second Eve, prepared her to become the All Holy Mother of God’s Son, Jesus Christ, the Second Adam, for the salvation of all people. 

     In this brief article, I will comment on certain chapters from three works by St. Justin Martyr and St. Irenaeus of Lyons, the first Fathers of the Church from the second century who helped the Church, through God’s inspiration, to develop her understanding of the Virgin Mary as the Second Eve, the All-Holy Mother of the Second Adam, Jesus Christ.  These works include the Dialogue with Trypho by St. Justin and Against Heresies and the Proof of the Apostolic Preaching by St. Irenaeus.  Here these Fathers develop parallels of opposition to argue for the perfect holiness of the Virgin Mary as the Second Eve in relationship to her All-Holy Son, the Second Adam, Jesus Christ. First of all, in some parallels, they compare the Virgin Mary and the Virgin Eve as contraries to each other spiritually and morally.  In doing so, they do not directly call the Virgin Mary the Second Eve, but they certainly profess her to be this Second Woman in God’s second creation by this comparison.  Indeed, after proclaiming the First Virgin, the Virgin Eve, a sinful virgin in God’s first creation of humanity, Sts. Justin and Irenaeus proclaim the Second Virgin, the Virgin Mary, a holy virgin in God’s second creation of the human race.  Secondly, in other parallels of opposition, they also compare the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ as spiritual and moral contraries to the First Adam and Eve.  Here, once again, they do not directly name the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ as the Second Adam and Eve, but they certainly proclaim them to be this Second Man and Woman in God’s second creation by this comparison.  In this sense, after professing the First Adam and Eve to be sinners in God’s first creation of the human race, Sts. Justin and Irenaeus proclaim the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ to be the Holy Man and Woman in God’s second creation of humanity.  On this basis, by comparing, in all these parallels, the Virgin Mary to the Virgin Eve, or the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ to the First Adam and Eve, the Church Fathers teach that the nature of their opposition to each other as human beings remains the same, for they remain spiritually and morally opposed to each other in their humanity.

     As Sts. Justin and Irenaeus develop their parallels of opposition to argue for the perfect holiness of the Virgin Mary as the Second Eve, the Mother of the Second Adam, Jesus Christ, they primarily base these parallels on Genesis, the Letters of St. Paul and the Gospel of St. Luke, as they study and contemplate them, as men of faith.  In these primary sources from Scripture, the inspired human authors, Moses, and St. Paul, through the help of St. Luke, develop parallels of opposition there.  Moses, for his part, through a revelation from God, prophesies the coming of a Woman and her Son who would save humanity from evil by opposing the Serpent and His demons.  As for St. Paul, after hearing the Gospel message from Christ Himself, including the oral Tradition of the Annunciation in St. Luke, he develops a parallel of opposition of Adam and Christ.  For this reason, Sts. Justin and Irenaeus would base their parallels primarily on the works of Moses and St. Paul after reading the Gospel of St. Luke.  As such, these primary sources from Scripture inform their parallels.  In them, Sts. Justin and Irenaeus compare either the Virgin Mary to the Virgin Eve, or the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ to the First Adam and the First Eve.  Accordingly, before commenting on the works of Sts. Justin and Irenaeus, I will first briefly comment on Genesis and St. Paul’s Letters, including the Gospel of St. Luke, the primary sources they use to develop their parallels of opposition, as the bases for the perfect holiness of the Virgin Mary.

     In their first primary source from Scripture, Genesis, after the sin of the First Adam and Eve, God inspired Moses, the human author of Genesis, to proclaim, through a parallel of opposition, the coming of a Woman and her Son who would oppose evil (Genesis 3:15).  The Church professes this Woman and her Son, prophesied by Moses as opponents of evil, to be the Second Adam and Eve, Jesus Christ and His Mother, the Virgin Mary, from the Gospel.  This first parallel of opposition from Genesis, called the Protoevangelium, informs the parallels that Sts. Justin and Irenaeus would later develop.  In this particular parallel from Genesis, Moses first compares the Second Adam and Eve to the First Adam and Eve.  For after Moses recalls in Genesis the sin of the First Man and Woman, the sin of Adam and Eve, he prophesies the virtue of the Second Man and Woman, the virtue of the Woman and her Son, who would come someday as the Second Adam and Eve to oppose the sin of the First Adam and Eve by their virtue.  As such, these men and women, Adam and Christ, on the one hand, and Eve and Mary, on the other hand, would be opposed to each other spiritually and morally as human beings.  Indeed, by their opposition to each other, the Second Adam and Eve would be holy, but the First Adam and Eve, sinful. 

     Furthermore, in the second parallel of opposition from the Protoevangelium of Genesis, Moses, inspired by God, compares the goodness of the Woman and her Son, the Second Adam and Eve, to the evil of the Serpent and His fallen angels or demons.  For the Woman herself, and her Son, in their goodness, would work on behalf of the Good God in the war against the evil Serpent and His demons.  In this sense, in this war of good versus evil, they would oppose each other as spiritual and moral agents.  As a result, in this passage, God proclaims, through Moses, that the Woman and her Son, on the one hand, and the Serpent and His demons, on the other hand, would be enemies to each other spiritually and morally by the Will of God.  This means that the Woman and her Son would be holy, but the Serpent and His demons, unholy.  Accordingly, in the Protoevangelium, God promises, through Moses, that the Woman and her Son, in their holiness as God’s servants, would defeat the sinfulness of Satan and His fallen angels by crushing their head, for by this holy act, they would destroy them.  On this basis, this verse from Genesis is the first source in Scripture that Sts. Justin and Irenaeus use as they develop their parallels of opposition to argue for the perfect holiness of the Virgin Mary in relationship to her Son, Jesus Christ. 

     The second source from Scripture that Sts. Justin and Irenaeus use to develop their parallels of opposition is St. Paul’s corpus, particularly his First Letter to the Corinthians and his Letter to the Romans.  In doing so, they use St. Paul’s comparison in his parallel of the First Man, Adam, and the Second Man, Christ, as a basis for comparing the Virgin Eve, as the First Woman, and the Virgin Mary, as the Second Woman, in their parallels of opposition.  For this reason, here I will briefly comment on the teachings of St. Paul about Christ and Adam that inform the works of Sts. Justin and Irenaeus.  

     In St. Paul’s First Letter to the Corinthians around the year 56, he first develops an Adam and Christ parallel after he studies and contemplates God’s revelation about Adam in Genesis and also the revelation he received from Christ Himself during his life (Galatians 1:12, Acts of the Apostles 9:3-5), including the oral Tradition of the Gospel of St. Luke. Here he compares Adam and Christ as originators or fathers of humanity.  First of all, as St. Paul begins this parallel of opposition in First Corinthians by comparing Adam to Christ, he calls Adam the First Man or First Adam (1 Corinthians 15:45a) in God’s first creation.  Indeed, God created Adam in His divine image (Genesis 1:27) as the first human person, a rational and free being, who would become the original father of the human race by nature.  In doing so, He formed Adam from the “dust of the earth” and breathed His “breath of life” in him (Genesis 2:7).  Accordingly, as St. Paul recalls this revelation from God in Genesis, he says the First Man, Adam, became the first human being to receive “natural” life by God’s action (1 Corinthians 15:45-46).  Indeed, God formed him to be a “natural person” (1 Corinthians 2:14) “from the earth” (1 Corinthians 15:46-47).  Thus, after God created this First Man in His image, He proclaimed him to be really “good” (Genesis 1:31).  All the same, as good as God created Adam to be as the First Man, he became “earthly” (1 Corinthians 15:47).  According to St. Paul, this means that he became a man “of the flesh” (1 Corinthians 3:3). He became a sinner (1 Corinthians 3:3, 15:21-22, Galatians 5:16-21).  In this sense, in St. Paul’s teaching, as a man of the flesh, Adam lost God’s grace, through sin.  Consequently, all the descendants of Adam in God’s first creation bear the “image” of God after the fallen nature of the “earthly man” from conception (1 Corinthians 15:49), for they have all received the same human nature as Adam.  As a result, by his sin, the First Man, Adam, subjected all people to the mortality and corruption of death.  On this basis, St. Paul calls Adam the origin or cause of death for all people, for they “all die in Adam” (1 Corinthians 15:22).  This is not only a spiritual death, a defilement of the soul, but also a bodily death for them.

      In the second place, as St. Paul completes this parallel of opposition in First Corinthians by comparing Christ to the First Man, Adam, he calls Christ the “Second Man” or the “Second Adam” (1 Corinthians 15:45, 47). The means that God formed Christ as man to be, in a sense, the Second Father of the human race spiritually (1 Corinthians 5:5, 15:3-4) in God’s second creation of humanity.  This means that Christ is their Head or Savior.  Indeed, just as a father is the head of his family, Christ is also the Head of His family, the Church.  According to St. Paul, in “the fullness of time, God sent His Son” to be conceived and “born of a woman” as the Second Adam by the Holy Spirit (Galatians 4:4).  For this reason, as the Second Adam, the Son of God, is a spiritual man, a man of the Spirit (1 Corinthians 15:46, Romans 4:6, 29).  As such, the Son of God became the Son of man, through a woman, by the Holy Spirit to communicate the spiritual life of “adoption” to all human beings (Romans 8:15, Galatians 4:5, 1 Corinthians 15:45-46).  In this act, the natural Son of God, formed as man, as the Second Adam, called them to be recreated spiritually as adopted sons and daughters of God through the Holy Spirit (Galatians 4:5-6).  Accordingly, St. Paul calls this God’s second creation, a spiritual recreation in Christ, for human persons (2 Corinthians 5:17, Galatians 6:15).  They become “sanctified in Christ” (1 Corinthians 1:2, 6:11).  In this recreation, God spiritually conforms them to the image of His Son by the grace of His Spirit (2 Corinthians 3:18, Romans 8:29, Galatians 4:6-7).  Indeed, by this grace of God’s Spirit, they “bear the image of the heavenly man” raised from the dead (1 Corinthians, 15:49, Romans 6:9).  As the Second Adam, Christ is the origin or cause of the resurrection of the dead of all people, for “in Christ they will all be raised to life” (1 Corinthians 15:21-22).  This is, first and foremost, a spiritual resurrection for them, through the grace of the Holy Spirit, in Baptism.  St. Paul calls this the grace of justification (Romans 5:17), for they all become righteous or just.  On this basis, this grace certainly prepares them spiritually for an incorruptible bodily resurrection from the dead on the Last Day, the Day of the Lord (1 Corinthians 15:52-54, 5:5) .

     Furthermore, in St. Paul’s Letter to the Romans around the year 57 or 58 (Romans 5:12-21), he develops another feature of his Adam and Christ parallel by comparing the judgment Adam received for his disobedience and the gift Christ received for His obedience.  For as the First Adam received a judgment of condemnation to death for his disobedience, Christ, the Second Adam, the righteous Son of God, merited the gift of justification for His obedience.  Consequently, as the heads or fathers of their natural and spiritual descendants, St. Paul says that both the First Adam and the Second Adam communicated to their people the consequences or fruits of their actions.  On the one hand, this means that the natural descendants of the First Adam, all people, received the judgment of condemnation that Adam received for his act of disobedience.  This was a condemnation to death for all human beings.  As a result, by his disobedience, the First Adam fathered them all to spiritual death, the loss of their original grace, from their conception in their mother’s womb.  This death begins interiorly in their heart, but terminates in their bodily death.  On the other hand, the Second Adam, Christ, communicated to His spiritual descendants, members of His Body, the Church, the gift of justification that He merited for them by His act of obedience. On this basis, they became righteous, by the gift of grace they received from Christ, through His obedience.

     The third primary source for the works of Sts. Justin and Irenaeus is the Gospel.  Here I will only briefly comment on the Annunciation from the Gospel of St. Luke.  As you may recall, this passage from Scripture recounts the angel Gabriel’s revelation of God’s Word to the Virgin Mary.  As he appears before her, he first proclaims his angelic salutation to her: “Hail, full of grace!  The Lord is with you” (Luke 1:28).  According to Tradition, here the angel Gabriel’s salutation or greeting to the Virgin Mary, Hail, full of grace, refers to the fullness of God’s grace that she received from Him, through her conception, as a human being.  In other words, this greeting by the angel Gabriel recalls that God formed the Virgin Mary in the grace of perfect holiness.  Indeed, the Greek word “kecharitomene” (full of grace) reveals that He created her fully sanctified in her person.  In this sense, she was never subject to sin.  The basis for God conceiving the Virgin Mary in perfect holiness was that He willed her to be the Second Eve, the All Holy Mother of the Second Adam, Jesus Christ.  As a result, she received this fullness of grace from God as the Second Eve to prepare her to become the Mother of the Second Adam.  Accordingly, after greeting her as such, the angel Gabriel reveals to the Virgin Mary that she will conceive and bear the Son of God as the Son of Man by the Holy Spirit (Luke 1:35).  For this reason, in her faithfulness as the Second Eve, the Virgin Mary believes the revelation she receives from God through the angel Gabriel.  In this act of faith, she faithfully offers her obedience to God’s Word: “Behold, I am the handmaid of the Lord.  May it be done to me according to your word” (Luke 1:38).  Here her obedience to God is a fruit of her perfect holiness.  On this basis, in his Gospel, St. Luke describes the Virgin Mary as the opposite of the Virgin Eve, who disobeyed God, for she is the Second Eve, the All Holy Woman, who would conceive and bear her Son, the Second Adam, in obedience to God’s Word.  As such, here St. Luke’s teaching on the Virgin Mary informs the parallels of opposition that Sts. Justin and Irenaeus would develop as a basis for the perfect holiness of the Virgin Mary.

      In proceeding, I will offer my commentary on the works of the Church Fathers, St. Justin Martyr and St. Irenaeus of Lyons, who used the aforementioned passages from Genesis, the Letters of St. Paul and the Gospel of Luke to develop their parallels of opposition as the bases for the perfect holiness of the Second Eve, Virgin Mary, in relationship to her All Holy Son, the Second Adam, Jesus Christ.  The Virgin Mary certainly had to be holy as a Woman before she could ever conceive and bear her Holy Son as man.  The parallels of opposition, developed first in Genesis, the Letters of St. Paul and the Gospel of St. Luke, and later in the works of Sts. Justin and Irenaeus, reveal that the holiness of the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ, as the Second Adam and Eve, could never be tainted at all by the sinfulness of the First Adam and Eve or by the evil of Satan and His fallen angels.  As a result, these parallels of opposition in Sacred Scripture and Tradition reveal the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ, on the one hand, and Adam and Eve, and Satan and His demons, on the other hand, to be opposed to each other spiritually and morally.  Sts. Justin and Irenaeus will proclaim this truth in their works.

     As for St. Justin Martyr, a second-century apologist (A.D. 100-165), he was the first Father of the Church to develop the Eve and Mary parallel in his Dialogue with Trypho (A.D. 161) after reading Genesis, St. Paul’s Letters and the Gospel of St. Luke.  In doing so, he considers their relationship only briefly at the end of chapter 100, but he is the first Father of the Church to do this.  As such, his brief parallel here was still a development in Marian teaching in the second century.  This is a development in the understanding of the received revelation from God concerning the person and mission of the Virgin Mary.  In his Dialogue, St. Justin develops this Eve and Mary parallel by comparing the disobedience of the First Eve, the Virgin Eve, and the obedience of the Second Eve, the Virgin Mary.  In particular, the Son of God became the Son of Man through the obedience of the Virgin Mary to destroy the disobedience of the Virgin Eve.  For just as the Virgin Eve destroyed her obedience to God’s Word by obeying the word of the Serpent, the Virgin Mary destroyed the Virgin Eve’s obedience to the Serpent’s word by obeying God’s Word as announced to her through the angel.  Consequently, on the one hand, by conceiving the Serpent’s word through disobedience, the Virgin Eve “bore death in herself”.  As a result, she became the mother of death.  On the other hand, by conceiving the Word of God in faith through obedience, the Virgin Mary became the mother of divine life through the Holy Spirit. After all, in faithful obedience to God, she faithfully believed the Word that she received from God through the angel.  This is the Word that she would become the mother of His Son, the God-Man, Jesus Christ.  Accordingly, she proclaimed: “Behold, I am the handmaid of the Lord.  May it be done to me according to your word” (Luke 1:38).  For this reason, through her faithful yes to God, the Virgin Mary conceived and bore the Son of God, as the Son of Man, who would, first of all, save all repentant people, who faithfully believed in Him.  Secondly, this Son of God, who was conceived and born of the Virgin Mary as the Son of Man, would also destroy all unrepentant nonbelievers for their infidelity.  As such, all penitent people of faith would be saved from sin and death by the God-Man, Jesus Christ, by imitating the faith of His mother, the Virgin Mary, who faithfully obeyed the Word she received from the angel of God.  Conversely, all unrepentant nonbelievers would be destroyed by Him for imitating the infidelity of the Virgin Eve, who disobeyed God’s Word, by obeying the word she received from the Serpent. This Serpent, including the fallen angels, would also be destroyed by the God-Man.  On this basis, here St. Justin develops this Eve and Mary parallel to proclaim that the Virgin Eve, the Helpmate of Adam, became the mother of death for all people through her disobedience to God, but the Virgin Mary, the Helpmate of her Son, Jesus Christ, became the Second Eve, the mother of the life of grace for all human beings, by her obedience to God (Dialogue, Chapter 100).

     St. Irenaeus (A.D. 115-202), Bishop of Lyons, was the second Father of the Church to develop the Church’s understanding of the Virgin Mary in relationship to her Son, Jesus Christ, after reading the aforesaid sources in Sacred Scripture, including the work of St. Justin.  He does this, first of all, in chapter 19 of Book III in Against Heresies (A.D. 180).  In this work, St. Irenaeus presents the Virgin Mary as the second Eve, the Helpmate of her Son, Jesus Christ, in God’s plan of salvation for human beings.  True, he does not directly mention Adam and Eve in this chapter, but these first human beings, created by God, as husband and wife, who would become the first parents of the human race, certainly inform what he teaches here about Jesus and Mary.  According to St. Irenaeus, after the First Adam and Eve corrupted their human descendants, through sin, God raised up a Second Adam and Eve, Jesus and Mary, to save them through their faithfulness to God.  Accordingly, for St. Irenaeus, God called Jesus and Mary, Son and Mother, to be, in a sense, the second parents of human beings, a spiritual Father and Mother, who would work to save them in God’s plan of salvation.  In fact, he believes, in God’s plan, this work of salvation by Jesus and His Helpmate, the Virgin Mary, began a second creation of all people by adoption.  Indeed, in God’s providence, He called all human beings to “receive the gift of adoption” by becoming sons and daughters of God through a “promotion into God”.  For this reason, in the teaching of St. Irenaeus, the Son of God, Jesus Christ, became man that human beings would become adopted as sons and daughters of God.  As a result, He offered them immortality and incorruptibility, by adoption, for He was “beyond all men”, “more than a mere man”.  For St. Irenaeus, Jesus Christ alone, as the Son of God, could have saved all people as man.  He alone could have recreated them in His divine image as immortal, incorruptible sons and daughters of God by adoption (Against Heresies, Book III, Chapter 19, Paragraphs 1-3).

     All the same, St. Irenaeus also teaches that because the Son of God required a real human nature that descended from the First Adam, through the house of David, He only could have offered this gift of adoption to human beings, by His human conception and birth to a virgin daughter of David.  In God’s providence, this virgin, of course, was the Virgin Mary, the Second Eve, who conceived and bore the Son of God.  In this work by St. Irenaeus, Against Heresies, he proclaims that just as the Son of God received a preeminent divine generation from God the Father from all eternity, He also received a preeminent human generation in time from His Mother, the Virgin Mary.  In doing so, St. Irenaeus indicates that the preeminence of both the divine and human generations of the Son of God means that both generators, God the Father and the Virgin Mother of God, would be perfect in their divinity and humanity respectively.  As such, the Son of God Himself would also be perfect both as God and as man.  In this sense, in His perfection, the Son of God became the Son of Man from the humanity of Mary to save all human beings as adopted sons and daughters of God the Father and the Virgin Mother.  Finally, St. Irenaeus asks himself this question: Who would have ever imagined that the Son of God, generated eternally from the Father, would have saved humanity by a temporal generation from a human Virgin? Who would have ever imagined that she could have conceived the Son of God virginally as man, and remained a Virgin in bearing Him?  Only by becoming a true man from a true Virgin could the true God suffer, die and be raised up in glory for the salvation of all human beings.  Indeed, only by His conception and birth as man, through the Virgin Mary, could they all become beneficiaries of His immortal, incorruptible resurrection from the dead.  On this basis, for St. Irenaeus, the salvation of all people, by adoption, was a work fulfilled primarily by the second Adam, Christ Himself, as Principal Agent, but secondarily by the Virgin Mary, His maternal Helpmate, as the Second Eve, for He received His humanity from hers (Against Heresies, Book III, Chapter 19, Paragraphs 1-3).

     Moreover, in chapter 21 of Book III in Against Heresies, St. Irenaeus develops a parallel that involves God’s creation of the First Man, Adam, from the virgin earth (Genesis 2:7) and His formation of the Second Adam, Christ, from the Virgin Mary.  In this sense, just as the First Adam did not have a natural father, but was created from the virgin earth by God Himself, similarly neither did the Second Adam, Christ, have a natural father, but was formed by God Himself from the Virgin Mary.  In this parallel, St. Irenaeus compares the morality of the First Adam created from the virgin earth to be a natural father and the morality of the Second Adam created from the Virgin Mary to be a spiritual father.  On the one hand, the First Man, Adam, received the substance of his human nature from untilled virgin soil through the Word of God.  As the First Man, he was created by God’s Word in the substance of his humanity from the virgin earth to be the natural origin or father of all human beings in God’s first creation, but he disobeyed God’s Word.  Indeed, he disobeyed the Word of God by sinning against Him. For this reason, by his disobedience, the First Man, Adam, introduced bad fruit, the fruit of sin, including death, to all human beings.  Consequently, as the father of sin, he became the father of death for all people.  On the other hand, the Second Adam, Christ, received the substance of His human nature from the Second Eve, the Virgin Mary, in God’s second creation.  Accordingly, formed by God from the Virgin Mary in the substance of His humanity, He recapitulated or summed up the creation of the First Adam in Himself, including His descendants.  As such, as the Second Adam, He was conceived and born of the Virgin Mary, through God’s Word, to be the spiritual origin or father of all human beings, by His obedience to God Himself, in His second creation.  In His obedience to Him, He introduced good fruit, the fruit of righteousness, to all people.  This means that as the origin or father of righteousness, He became the father of the spiritual life for all human beings.  According to St. Irenaeus, Christ, the Second Adam, could have only become such a spiritual origin or father of righteousness for all people, through the Second Eve, the Virgin Mary.  After all, as the Second Adam, in God’s second creation, He received from the humanity of the Virgin Mary, the human nature of the First Adam.  As a result, through this nature, He recapitulated the First Adam in Himself, including all the descendants of Adam. On this basis, in this recapitulation, He saved them as man, by His righteousness, in obedience to the Word of God (Against Heresies Book III, Chapter 21, Paragraph 10). 

     Furthermore, in chapter 22 of BK III in Against Heresies, St. Irenaeus develops, for the first time, an Eve and Mary parallel.  In this parallel, he compares the disobedience of the Virgin Eve and the obedience of the Virgin Mary.  On the one hand, as a woman, married to her husband, Adam, the First Eve was disobedient to God as a virgin in her marriage.  Consequently, by her disobedience, she became the cause of death for herself and for all human beings.  For this reason, she is called the mother of death, for she mothered all people to spiritual and bodily death.  In doing so, St. Irenaeus teaches that this First Woman, the Virgin Eve, tied all human beings in a knot, the knot of death, by her disobedience to God.  On the other hand, as a woman, married to her husband, St. Joseph, Mary, the Second Eve, was obedient to God as a virgin in her marriage.  Accordingly, through her obedience to God, she became the cause of salvation for herself and for all people.  As such, she is the mother of life, for she mothered all people to the life of salvation spiritually and bodily.  According to St. Irenaeus, this means that this Second Eve, the Virgin Mary, untied the knot of death for all people by her obedience to God.  Indeed, through her obedience, she untied Eve’s disobedience.  In this sense, by her act of obedience, she freed human beings from their slavery to disobedience, including death.  St. Irenaeus calls the Virgin Mary’s obedience an act of faith, for she faithfully obeyed the Word of God.  Conversely, he calls the Virgin Eve’s disobedience an act of unbelief, because she unfaithfully disobeyed God’ Word.  She did not have faith in what He said to her.  As such, the Virgin Eve became the mother of slavery to death, but the Virgin Mary became the mother of the life of freedom.  On this basis, what the Virgin Eve tied by her unbelief, the Virgin Mary untied by her faith (Against Heresies, Book III, Chapter 22, paragraph 4).

     In chapter 19 of Book V in Against Heresies, St. Irenaeus further develops his Eve and Mary parallel.  In this parallel, he compares the influence that the holy and fallen angels had on the Virgin Eve and the Virgin Mary.  On the one hand, after hearing the deceitful word of the Serpent, Satan Himself, the Virgin Eve believed the lie she heard from Him.  Consequently, she was misled by His deception to flee from God, through disobedience.  On the other hand, after the Virgin Mary, the Second Eve, heard God’s Word from the holy angel, St. Gabriel, she believed His message was true.  This was the message that she would conceive and bear God Himself.  For this reason, the holy angel guided her to God, through His message, that she would become the Mother of God by her obedience to His Word.  According to St. Irenaeus, this means that through her obedience to God’s Word, by becoming His Mother, the Virgin Mary would become the Patroness (Advocata) of the Virgin Eve, including the Patroness of all the descendants of the Virgin Eve.  In this sense, for St. Irenaeus, as sinful as the Virgin Eve was, she was still redeemed by God, through the Patroness of the Virgin Mary, Mother of God.  On this basis, just as the Virgin Eve subjected her descendants to death through her virginal disobedience, the Virgin Mary saved the Virgin Eve, including her descendants, instrumentally from such death, by her virginal obedience (Against Heresies Book V, Chapter 19, Paragraph 1). 

     Finally, in his Proof of the Apostolic Preaching (A.D. 185), St. Irenaeus continues his development of his Eve and Mary parallel. In doing so, he applies his doctrine of recapitulation, for the first time, to Eve and Mary in relationship to Adam and Christ.  As you may recall, he first applies this doctrine to Adam and Christ alone in chapter 21 of Book III in Against Heresies.  In this work, the Proof of the Apostolic Preaching, St. Irenaeus proclaims that this recapitulation involves, first of all, Christ and the Virgin Mary summing up the original creation of Adam and Eve, through their formation as the Second Man and Woman, by the Will and Wisdom of God.  This is the beginning of God’s second creation of humanity.  On the one hand, Christ, the Second Adam, recapitulated in Himself His creation of the First Adam from the virgin earth by forming a human nature for Himself from the Virgin Mary, the Second Eve, by His Will and Wisdom.  For He was conceived and born from her as man, by the Will of God, through the Holy Spirit, the Spirit of Wisdom.  On the other hand, the Virgin Mary recapitulated in herself Christ’s creation of the Virgin Eve from the First Man, Adam, for He formed her, in a sense, from Himself, the Second Adam, by His Will and Wisdom.  As such, for St. Irenaeus, recapitulation is, first of all, a work of creation.  After all, here God Himself, by His Will and Wisdom, formed the human race for a second time in the persons of the Second Adam and the Second Eve.  In this act of creation, they recapitulated the original creation of Adam and Eve.  Secondly, St. Irenaeus also proclaims that recapitulation is a work of salvation that Jesus and the Virgin Mary, Son and Mother, fulfilled as the Second Adam and Eve by their obedience to God.  In this sense, Christ and the Virgin Mary, through their obedience, summed up Adam and Eve spiritually and morally to destroy their disobedience by the Will and Wisdom of God.  Indeed, just as Christ, through His obedience, as a spiritual and moral agent, recapitulated Adam in Himself to destroy Adam’s disobedience, similarly the Virgin Mary, for her part, recapitulated Eve in herself spiritually and morally, through her obedience, to destroy Eve’s disobedience.  In this work of recapitulation in God’s plan of salvation by the obedience of Christ and His Mother, the Virgin Mary, not only did they destroy the disobedience of Adam and Eve, but they also destroyed the consequence of their disobedience, death. According to St. Irenaeus, this work of salvation, through recapitulation, involved a restoration process called recirculation. In his teaching, this work was fulfilled, first and foremost, by the actions of Christ Himself, the Principal Agent of salvation, but also secondarily by the actions of the Virgin Mary, as the Helpmate of her Son, the Savior.  Here the virtuous actions of Christ and the Virgin Mary counteracted the sinful actions of Adam and Eve.  Accordingly, as the First Adam lost his communion in God’s friendship by ordering his actions sinfully against God through disobedience, Christ, the Second Adam, for His part, recovered this divine union or friendship by ordering His actions virtuously to God through obedience.  Similarly, as the First Eve lost her communion in God’s friendship by ordering her actions sinfully against God through disobedience, the Virgin Mary, for her part, as the Second Eve, prepared her Son, the Second Adam, to recover this divine friendship by ordering her actions virtuously to God through obedience.  In this sense, here the virtuous actions of Christ and the Virgin Mary, Son and Mother, parallel the sinful actions of Adam and Eve, husband and wife, step by step, in reverse order.  This is the process of restoration of the human race that Christ and the Virgin Mary fulfilled in obedience to the Will and Wisdom of God by retracing the missteps of the disobedience of Adam and Eve as the means to undo what they did.  In this work of restoration, Christ certainly saved humanity, as Principal Agent, by His obedience to God, but His obedience depended on the obedience of His Helpmate, the Virgin Mary.  This means that He could only obey God because the Virgin Mary first offered her obedience to God as a preparation for Him to obey God.  In this sense, the Virgin Mary’s obedience to God by conceiving and bearing Christ, the Son of God as the Son of Man, prepared Him to suffer and die for humanity in obedience to God. As a result, St. Irenaeus proclaims that human beings became “reanimated and received life” through the Virgin Mary’s obedience to God, for by her obedience, God’s Son became man, through her, to offer His immortal, incorruptible life to all people in obedience to God.  For this reason, St. Irenaeus calls the Virgin Mary the Intercessor for the Virgin Eve and her husband, Adam, including their human descendants.  On this basis, by her maternal intercession, as the Mother of the Son of God, the Virgin Mary worked as her Son’s Helpmate to restore human beings to the communion of God’s friendship (Proof of the Apostolic Preaching, 30-33).

     In conclusion, the various parallels of opposition in Scripture, particularly in Genesis, the Letters of St. Paul and the Gospel of St. Luke, all inform the parallels developed in the Tradition by Sts. Justin and Irenaeus.  In these parallels, God proclaims, through the human authors of Scripture and Tradition, the perfect holiness that the Virgin Mary received from God as the Second Eve.  Through this perfect holiness, He prepared her to become the All Holy Mother of the Son of God, the Second Adam, Jesus Christ.  In this sense, in these parallels of opposition, the authors of Scripture and Tradition offer three comparisons of persons who oppose each other spiritually and morally. 

     First of all, these inspired authors compare the holiness of the Second Eve, the Virgin Mary, to the sinfulness of the First Eve, the Virgin Eve.  In this sense, for them, the Virgin Mary, in her holiness, opposes the sinfulness of the Virgin Eve; and the Virgin Eve, in her sinfulness, opposes the holiness of the Virgin Mary.  For this reason, as the holy Virgin, they call Mary the model of faith, the woman of obedience, the mother of life, the mother of freedom, mother of salvation and the untier of knots.  Conversely, in the Virgin Eve’s sinfulness as the First Eve, they call her the model of unbelief, the woman of disobedience, the mother of death, the mother of slavery, the mother of condemnation and the tier of knots.

     Secondly, the authors of Scripture and Tradition also compare the holiness of the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ, the Second Adam and Eve, to the sinfulness of the First Adam and Eve.  In this sense, the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ, Mother and Son, by their holiness as the second couple in God’s second creation, oppose the sinfulness of Adam and Eve, the first couple, as husband and wife; and Adam and Eve, by their sinfulness, oppose the Virgin Mary and Christ.  Accordingly, in their holy relationship as Mother and Son, Jesus Christ and the Virgin Mary, as the Second Adam and Eve, are described, by the inspired authors, as a spiritual father and mother to humanity, not by nature, but by grace.  Indeed, in their work as Mother and Son in God’s second creation, they generate children for God, spiritually, by adoption, through the Holy Spirit.  For this reason, they are called the mother and father of life, divine life, for God’s people.  As such, the Second Adam became man through the Second Eve that all people would become recreated as holy children of God through them.  On the other hand, the inspired authors of Scripture and Tradition, describe the First Adam and Eve as the mother and father of all people, through natural generation, according to the flesh.  As their first parents, by nature, who sinned against God, they mothered and fathered them to a life of sin.  This is a sinful generation.  Consequently, they are not only called the mother and father of sin, but also the mother and father of death, for by their sin, all people suffer death spiritually from conception and will eventually die physically.

     Finally, the inspired authors of Scripture and Tradition compare the holiness of the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ, the Second Adam and Eve, to the sinfulness of the Serpent and His offspring, the demons.  For this reason, the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ, Mother and Son, by their holiness as the Second Adam and Eve, oppose the sinfulness of the Serpent and His demons; and for their part, the Serpent and His demons, by their sinfulness, oppose the Virgin Mary and Christ.  As a result, the authors, under God’s inspiration, describe the Virgin Mary in relationship to her Son, Jesus Christ, as the maternal Helpmate of the Savior.  In their work to save human beings from evil, as Mother and Son, they crush the head of the Serpent, the father of evil, including His demons.  As such, the Virgin Mary, as the Second Eve, is called the Patroness or Advocata of all people, for she intercedes to her Son, the Second Adam, on their behalf, through her prayers, in the war against Satan and His devils.  On this basis, by her ministry as helpmate to her Son, the Second Adam, the Virgin Mary participates in the work of her Son to save human beings from the evil of the Serpent and His demons.

     In all these parallels, by the inspired authors of Scripture and Tradition, God reveals the perfect holiness of the Virgin Mary, the Second Eve, as the Mother of the Second Adam, by her opposition to the sinfulness of the Virgin Eve and the Serpent. In this sense, here she opposes all sinful persons, human and demonic, through her holiness. According to Tradition, this opposition to sinners, by the Virgin Mary, the Second Eve, is not a partial and imperfect opposition, but a complete and perfect opposition.  This means that she perfectly and fully opposes, by her perfect holiness, the sinfulness of Eve and the Serpent.  On the one hand, as the All-Holy Virgin, she certainly opposes the sin of Eve and her children fully and perfectly, but she also prayerfully intercedes to God for them for their salvation that they may repent for their sins.  On the other hand, in her perfect holiness, the Virgin Mary certainly does not pray for Satan and His demons, but remains for all eternity their perfect and complete enemy as maternal Helpmate of her Son, the Savior.  In this sense, in the Virgin Mary’s perfect and complete enmity with the sin of the Virgin Eve and the Serpent, she opposes them fully and perfectly by her perfect holiness.  As such, the parallels of opposition in Scripture and Tradition only work because the Virgin Mary was conceived by God in perfect holiness through the singular grace of her Immaculate Conception and lived a perfectly holy life on earth as the Second Eve.  On this basis, she was never subject to sin at all, neither to original sin nor to personal or actual sin, for her Son, the Second Adam, saved her, through the foreseen merits of His passion, by preserving her from sin, in creating her immaculately as a human being, the All-Holy Second Eve.

In Christ with Blessed Mary,

Friar Mariano D. Veliz, O.P.

     In the history of God’s people, God revealed to them that the messiah, who would save them, would be a son of the tribe of Judah from the house of David.  This is recorded not only in the Old Testament, but also in the New Testament, particularly in the Gospels.  In fact, all four Evangelists, the inspired authors of the four Gospels of the New Testament, proclaim Jesus as the son of David, the messiah, who would save the people of Israel from sin and death, but only St. Matthew and St. Luke proclaim this sonship of Jesus in the house of David, His messiahship, through their genealogies and infancy narratives of Jesus. In doing so, they profess their belief that Jesus was virginally conceived and born of the Virgin Mary, His mother, through the Holy Spirit.  In this sense, Jesus, the son of David, only had a natural human mother, not a human father, according to nature. 

     All the same, in his genealogy, St. Matthew traces Jesus’ status as the son of David, through St. Joseph, not through the Virgin Mary.  The reason for this is because in ancient times, the people of Israel legally traced the descent of a son, through the genealogy of his father, especially a son of the house of David (Nm 1:18).  As such, here the basis for his legal sonship in his father’s household was generally his physical descent from his father.  In the days of Jesus, the people in general believed that St. Joseph was Jesus’ natural father, His father by procreation, because St. Joseph raised Him as his legal son in his marriage to the Virgin Mary.  As already mentioned, in his Gospel, St. Matthew professes his belief that Jesus did not descend naturally, through St. Joseph, as a son of David.  On the contrary, he believes that Jesus descended legally, as a son of David, through St. Joseph.  In doing so, he traces Jesus’ legal status, as a son of David, through His paternal genealogy, the genealogy of His legal father, St. Joseph, who was a son of David himself, through his father, Jacob (Mt 1:16).  In other words, for St. Matthew, Jesus received His legal sonship in the house of David by law, through His adoptive father, St. Joseph, a natural son of David himself, through Jacob.  In this sense, this was not a natural genealogy for Jesus, a genealogy based on physical descent, but a legal genealogy, a genealogy based on the law, for Jesus was only the legal son of St. Joseph by adoption, not by natural generation.  On this basis, in this genealogy, St. Matthew proclaims Jesus the messiah of Israel by His legal sonship in the house of David, through His adoptive father, St. Joseph, not through His natural mother, the Virgin Mary. 

     Does this really mean that the Virgin Mary, the natural mother of Jesus, was neither a daughter of the house of David nor a member of Judah’s tribe?  In other words, was Jesus really the legal son of David, through His adoptive father alone, St. Joseph, but not the son of David naturally, through His mother, the Virgin Mary? Certainly not! In the Tradition, the Church professes a belief that Jesus descended from David as the messiah, not only legally, through St. Joseph, but also naturally, through the Virgin Mary. This belief in Jesus’ natural descent from David, through the Virgin Mary, has a basis in Sacred Scripture.  Indeed, God proclaims, through His prophets and inspired authors of the Old and New Testaments, that Jesus received His natural sonship, His messiahship, in David’s house, through His mother, the Virgin Mary, who was naturally a virgin daughter of David.

     Here I will briefly consider the basis in Sacred Scripture for the Church’s belief in Jesus’ status as a natural son of David.  First of all, in the Second Book of Samuel from the Old Testament, God promises David, through the prophet Nathan, that He would raise up a son after him, from his loins, who would rule his kingdom forever (2 Sm 7:12-13).  In Scripture, the prophets use the word “loins” as a euphemism for the male and female genitals of human nature that a man and woman in marriage would use to procreate human life (2 Sm 7:12, Jdt 8:5).  As a result, the human life they procreate naturally, through genital intercourse, would be their natural son or daughter. In this first verse from Second Samuel, God tells David, through Nathan, that the messiah of Israel would be a natural son of David because he would be generated from David’s genitals, not directly, by David himself, but indirectly, after his death, through the genitals of a descendant of his (2 Sm 7:12).  This is the first basis in Scripture for Jesus’ natural sonship in the house of David by physical or biological descent, for He naturally proceeds as man from the loins of David.  Secondly, God also proclaims, through the prophet Isaiah, that someday a son would be born to the house of David who would reign from David’s throne over his kingdom forever (Is 9:5).  In human biology, human birth requires and presupposes human conception. This is a law of human biological nature.  In other words, a human person, a son, cannot be born as a biological being unless he is first conceived biologically (Rt 4:13, Jgs 13:3-5, Is 66:9).  In this biological process, he naturally acquires the biological nature of his father and mother as their son.  This means that the son in Isaiah’s prophecy, who would be born of the house of David, the messiah of God’s people, would descend from David naturally, as his biological son, through his conception and birth as a member of David’s family.  In this sense, here the natural sonship of Jesus in the house of David has a physical or biological basis.  He alone, as the natural son of David, would be the perfect or ideal messiah who would have certain divine qualities or gifts to govern the people (Is 9:5-6).  This is the second biological basis for the natural sonship of Jesus in the house of David.  Accordingly, in Second Samuel and Isaiah, God inspires His prophets to proclaim His Word about the natural sonship of the messiah in literal terms.  The literal meaning here is that the messiah of Israel would be a natural son of David by physical descent.  Thirdly, under God’s inspiration, the prophet Isaiah uses the figurative language of metaphor to proclaim that the messiah would be a natural son of David.  In particular, after all the sufferings that the people of Israel would be subjected to by their Babylonian conquerors, especially the house of David, God reveals to them, through Isaiah, that only a stump, or holy remnant, of David’s family would remain, but from this stump a branch of the Lord would sprout and blossom, a perfect son of David, who would receive the Spirit of the Lord to shepherd the people righteously forever as messiah.  This messiah, or sacred branch of the Lord, alone would save the people of Israel (Is 11:1, 4:2-3).  Similarly, God also proclaims metaphorically, through the prophet Jeremiah, that He would raise up a righteous branch, a messiah, from this stump, the house of David, who would reign and govern the people of God virtuously (Jr 23:5, 33:14-17). As such, for Isaiah and Jeremiah, this metaphor means that just as a branch proceeds naturally from a stump as a natural development, the messiah of Israel would also proceed naturally from David as a natural son.  For this reason, here they proclaim metaphorically what they already professed literally.  Finally, in St. Paul’s Letter to the Romans in the New Testament, he confirms God’s revelation to the prophets about the natural sonship of the messiah in the house of David.  Indeed, he professes Jesus as this messiah of Israel who “descended from David according to the flesh” (Rm 1:3). This is a physical or biological descent from David.  On this basis, in the Church’s faith in the Word of God, she believes that Jesus certainly descended from David as David’s son, the messiah, not only legally, through St. Joseph, but also naturally, by His virginal conception and birth, through His natural mother, the Virgin Mary.

     In his Gospel, St. Luke professes this belief that Jesus was a natural son of David.  Indeed, he believes the Word of God that Jesus descended naturally from the loins of David, not directly, but indirectly, through the loins of the Virgin Mary, a daughter of the house of David, for she virginally conceived and bore Him, naturally as the son of David, by the Holy Spirit.  In this sense, for St. Luke, Jesus was the sacred branch of the Lord, the messiah, who naturally sprouted and blossomed from the stump, the holy remnant of the house of David.  Accordingly, he traces Jesus’ descent from David, not legally, through St. Joseph, as St. Matthew does, but naturally, through the Virgin Mary.  For this reason, according to Tradition, in his Gospel, St. Luke offers Jesus’ maternal genealogy, the genealogy of His natural mother, the Virgin Mary, as a basis for His natural sonship in the house of David as a member of the tribe of Judah. 

     In the study of St. Luke’s genealogy, there are some questions to ask.  These questions, hopefully, will help establish the Marian nature of this genealogy.  The first question to ask is this:  If this really is a genealogy of the Virgin Mary, why does St. Luke not mention her there?  In other words, why does he mention St. Joseph in this genealogy, but not her?  This would seem to be contrary to the traditional belief that St. Luke offers a genealogy of the Virgin Mary in his Gospel.  Consequently, people in society today, including Roman Catholics, may easily presume that the absence of the Virgin Mary’s name in the genealogy, and the presence of St. Joseph’s, could only mean that this genealogy is really not about the Virgin Mary at all, but about St. Joseph.  Yet, such a presumption would be false, for the ancient practice in the Tradition of Israel, in general, was for the people to record a woman’s genealogy in her father’s and husband’s names.  As such, a woman was generally not directly named in her genealogy.  For this reason, St. Luke does not directly name the Virgin Mary in hers.  On the contrary, he names her only indirectly, through the names of her father and husband, St. Joseph.  This was the traditional practice in such a patriarchal society as Israel.  The only time the people of God, including St. Luke and St. Matthew, would record the names of women in their genealogies was for historical or theological reasons.  Accordingly, the people used genealogies in ancient Israel, first and foremost, to establish the natural and legal descent of men as sons in the tribes and houses of their fathers.  In this sense, in St. Luke’s Gospel, he establishes Jesus’ sonship in the house of David, as a member of the tribe of Judah, not by law, or legal adoption, but by nature, or physical descent, through the genealogy of His natural mother, the Virgin Mary.  On this basis, St. Luke does not directly name the Virgin Mary in her genealogy, but only indirectly, through the names of her father and her husband, St. Joseph.

     This leads to the second question in the study of the genealogy from St. Luke’s Gospel.  The question is this: If St. Luke names the Virgin Mary indirectly in her genealogy, by calling her husband, St. Joseph, the son of her father, what, then, is the name of her father? According to St. Luke, her father’s name is Heli.  For this reason, he calls her husband, St. “Joseph, the son of Heli” (Lk 3:23) in his genealogy.  On the other hand, St. Matthew, in his genealogy, calls “Jacob the father of Joseph” (Mt 1:16). Who, then, according to this practice, is the Virgin Mary’s natural father: Heli or Jacob?  In other words, who is the natural father of St. Joseph? What is his name?  This is the first question to ask here, the question about the name of St. Joseph’s natural father.  For naming him would reveal, by deduction, the Virgin Mary’s natural father.  In this sense, for his part, St. Matthew records in his genealogy that St. Joseph was the natural son of Jacob, by physical descent, for he proclaims there that Jacob fathered St. Joseph naturally, through his loins.  The noun, father, from the verb to father means to beget or to generate.  This is the terminology that St. Matthew uses to define Jacob’s relationship to St. Joseph in his genealogy.  He professes his belief in the Word of God that Jacob and St. Joseph have a paternal-filial relationship based on nature.  As such, by deduction, this would mean that Heli would be the Virgin Mary’s natural father.  According to a tradition in the Church, after St. Joseph’s natural father, Jacob, died, Heli became St. Joseph’s adoptive father, through his marriage to Heli’s daughter, the Virgin Mary.  For this reason, St. Luke records St. Joseph as the son of the Virgin Mary’s father, “the son of Heli” (Lk 3:23), in his genealogy.  On this basis, St. Joseph was, indeed, the legal son of Heli, his son-in-law, by his marriage to Heli’s daughter, the Virgin Mary.

     The third question in the study of the genealogy from St. Luke’s Gospel is this: If the name of the natural father of the Virgin Mary is Heli, as St. Luke records in his genealogy, then why has the Church called the Virgin Mary’s natural father by the name, St. Joachim, from antiquity?  According to an ancient tradition, the names, Heli and Joachim, are not for separate persons, but for one and the same person, the natural father of the Virgin Mary.  In this sense, her father had multiple names.   In fact, these names may seem to be unrelated linguistically, but they really do have a linguistic relationship.  In particular, according to linguistic studies, the name Joachim, from the Hebrew Yehoyaqim, has a variant form, Eliacim.  This name, Eliacim, is abbreviated as Eli, a variant of Heli.  As such, the use of multiple names by people, names that had a linguistic relationship, including the names of the Virgin Mary’s natural father, Joachim and Heli, was a common practice in ancient times.  Indeed, in antiquity, many people used multiple names, a formal or legal name and a common or familiar form of the same name. On the other hand, oftentimes the multiple names that people used had no linguistic relationship.  In either case, in the New Testament, people often had multiple names, linguistically related or not.  These people included St. Peter (Simon), St. Paul (Saul), St. Thomas (Didymus) and St. Bartholomew (Nathanael).  In the case of the Virgin Mary’s natural father, Joachim was his formal or legal name, but Heli was his common or familiar name.  According to this tradition, this familiar name, Heli, would have been the name that St. Luke’s hearers or readers would have commonly known St. Joachim by. 

     In this genealogy, St. Luke establishes Jesus’ natural sonship in the house of David by establishing His mother, the Virgin Mary, as a natural daughter of David, through her natural father, Heli (St. Joachim), a son of David.  Indeed, St. Luke does this in his genealogy by naming the Virgin Mary indirectly in the name of her husband, St. Joseph, by calling him the son of her father, Heli.  In doing so, he establishes Jesus’ physical descent, as a natural son of David, the messiah of Israel, through His virginal conception and birth to His natural mother, the Virgin Mary. 

     This virginal conception and birth of the messiah, through a virgin daughter from the house of David, was first prophesied by the prophet Isaiah in the Old Testament.  Indeed, God first reveals to the house of David, through Isaiah, that the sign of the coming of the messiah would be His conception and birth to a virgin daughter of David.  This prophecy reads as follows: “Hear, O house of David…Therefore the Lord himself shall give you this sign: Behold a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and his name shall be called Emmanuel” (Is 7:14).  In this sense, according to Isaiah, the messiah would descend naturally from David, not directly from David himself, but indirectly, through a descendant of his, a virgin daughter from his house.  As such, He would be a natural son of David, by physical descent, through His natural virgin mother.  In his Gospel, St. Luke professes his belief in the Word of God that this virgin daughter of David’s house from Isaiah’s prophecy, who would naturally conceive and bear the son of David, the messiah, was the person of the Virgin Mary herself.  On the one hand, in his genealogy, he traces Jesus’ natural sonship in the house of David, through the natural genealogy of His mother, the Virgin Mary.  On the other hand, in his narrative of the angel’s annunciation to the Virgin Mary, he proclaims that the Virgin Mary would virginally conceive and bear Jesus, the son of David, as the messiah, by the Holy Spirit (Lk 1:31-35).  For this reason, He would be “called holy, the son of God” (Lk 1:35).  Accordingly, in Jesus, the son of God would become the son of David, through the Virgin Mary, by the Holy Spirit, to reign as the messiah from the throne of His father, David, forever.

     Furthermore, as already mentioned, in St. Matthew’s genealogy, he traces Jesus’ legal sonship in the house of David, not through His natural mother, the Virgin Mary, but through His legal father, by adoption, St. Joseph.  In doing so, he establishes Jesus’ legal right to the messiahship as a legal son of David.  At the same time, this does not mean that St. Matthew does not believe in Jesus’ natural sonship in the house of David.  On the contrary, he does believe that Jesus descended naturally from David, through His natural mother, the Virgin Mary.  Indeed, in his infancy narrative, St. Matthew professes his belief that the Virgin Mary was the virgin daughter of the house of David from Isaiah’s prophecy who would conceive and bear the son of David, the messiah, by the Holy Spirit (Mt 1:20-21).  He does not call Jesus the holy son of God, as St. Luke does, but he does call Him “Emmanuel” (Mt 1:23), as Isaiah does (Is 7:14).  According to St. Matthew, the name Emmanuel means God is with His people (Mt 1:23).  In this sense, for St. Matthew, as for St. Luke, in Jesus, God is with His people.  On this basis, St. Matthew proclaims that Jesus, conceived and born of a virgin daughter of David’s house, by the Holy Spirit, would “save His people from their sins” (Mt 1:21)

     According to the ancient Fathers of the Church, including St. Ambrose, St. Jerome, St. Hesychius of Jerusalem, Pope St. Leo the Great and St. Paschasius Radbertus, the Virgin Mary was certainly the virgin daughter of David’s house who became the natural mother of Jesus. Indeed, they trace Jesus’ status as a son of David, not only legally, through St. Joseph, but also naturally, through the Virgin Mary.  In this sense, they believe that the Virgin Mary descended naturally from David based on Scripture and Tradition.  By her faithful yes to God at the annunciation, she becomes the natural mother of the son of David, the messiah, through the Holy Spirit: “Behold, I am the handmaid of the Lord.  May it be done to me according to your word” (Lk 1:38). As a result, the Holy Spirit descends upon her, thereby forming her as the mother of the son of God by conceiving and bearing Him as the son of man, the son of David.  For this reason, in the person of the Virgin Mary, a virgin daughter from the house of David, God fulfills the coming of the messiah, the son of David, through the Holy Spirit, for she fully offers herself to Him by her faithful yes.  In doing so, He calls all people to become sons and daughters of the house of David, by the grace of the Holy Spirit, through their faithful yes to Him. 

In Christ with Blessed Mary,

Friar Mariano D. Veliz, O.P.

PRAYING THE DOMINICAN ROSARY

A. THE BEGINNING
In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.  Amen.

. Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with thee.
. Blessed art thou amongst women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus.

Tracing a cross over the lips with the right thumb:
. O Lord, open my lips.
. Any my mouth shall declare Thy praise.

Making the Sign o the Cross:
. O God, come to my assistance.
. O Lord, make haste to help me. 

Bowing deeply for the versicle:
. Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit.
. As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end.  Amen.  Alleluia. (From Ash Wednesday to Holy Saturday the ‘Alleluia’ is replaced with ‘Praise to Thee, O Lord, King of eternal Glory!)

B. THE MYSTERIES (FOR EACH ROSARY, YOU PRAY A GROUP OF FIVE MYSTERIES, ONE MYSTERY PER DECADE)
1. Joyful Mysteries (Monday, Saturday)
a. Annunciation
b. Visitation
c. Nativity
d. Presentation
e. Finding in the Temple

2. Sorrowful Mysteries (Tuesday, Friday)
a. Agony in the Garden
b. Scourging at the Pillar
c. Crowning with Thorns
d. Carrying of the Cross
e. Crucifixion

3. Glorious Mysteries (Sunday, Wednesday)
a. Resurrection
b. Ascension
c. Descent of the Holy Spirit
d. Assumption
e. Coronation

4. Luminous Mysteries (Thursday)
a. Baptism in the Jordan
b. Wedding at Cana
c. Preaching of the Kingdom
d. Transfiguration
e. Institution of the Eucharist

C. THE DECADES (FOR EACH DECADE, YOU PRAY ONE OUR FATHER, TEN HAIL MARYS AND ONE GLORY)
1. One ‘Our Father’
. Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name.  Thy kingdom come, they will be done on earth as it is in heaven.
. Give us this day our daily bread and forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those who trespass against us.  And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen.

2. Ten ‘Hail Marys’
. Hail Mary, full of grace.  The Lord is with thee.  Blessed art thou amongst women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus.
. Holy Mary, mother of God, pray for us sinners now and at the hour of our death.  Amen.

3. One ‘Glory’
. Glory to the Father and to the Son and to the Holy Spirit.
. As it was in the beginning, is now, and will be forever. Amen.

D. THE ENDING

Hail Holy Queen, Mother of Mercy, our life, our sweetness, and our hope.  To thee do we cry, poor banished children of Eve.  To thee do we send up our sighs, mourning, and weeping in this valley of tears.  Turn, then, most gracious Advocate, thine eyes of mercy toward us, and, after this our exile, show unto us thy blessed fruit of thy womb, Jesus.  O clement, O loving, O sweet Virgin Mary!

. Queen of the Most Holy Rosary, pray for us.
. That we may be made worthy of the promises of Christ.

. Let us pray:
. O God, whose only-begotten Son, by His life, death and resurrection has purchased for us the rewards of eternal life, grant, we beseech thee, that meditating upon these mysteries of the Most Holy Rosary of the Blessed Virgin Mary, we may imitate what they contain and obtain what they promise.  Through the same Christ our Lord.  Amen.

. May the divine assistance remain always with us.
. Amen.

. May the souls of the faithful departed, through the mercy of God, rest in peace.
. Amen.

. May the blessing † of Almighty God, the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, descend upon us and remain with us always.
. Amen.

     O Blessed Virgin Mary, Lady of the Holy Rosary, as I prepare myself to preach, contemplate and pray God’s Word in the Sacred Mysteries of your Holy Rosary in this Novena, I proclaim you, in the presence of God and His people, to be the Second Eve, “the woman” prophesied in Scriptures who would become the Virgin Mother of the Redeemer, the “Second Adam,” the Lord Jesus Christ.  As “the Mother of my Lord,” you are “the most blessed among women.”  “The Lord is with you” as with no other human being. For through His conception in your womb as man by the Holy Spirit, He became “really related” to you as a Son to His Mother.  In doing so, He formed a singular personal union or relationship with you not only through the body He received from you in becoming your Son, but also through the singular grace you received from Him in becoming His Mother.  In this sense, your communion as Mother and Son through nature and grace is far beyond any other relationship involving God and creature.  For this reason, Blessed Mary, I approach you NOT to worship you as the Uncreated God, but to “honor” you as God’s greatest creature, His Most Holy Mother.  In the Scriptures God calls His people to honor their mothers. This included honoring not only the good mothers in their society, but also those mothers considered bad or imperfect. In this sense, the first and natural basis for honoring them was neither their goodness nor their imperfection as mothers, but their natural maternity or motherhood they received from God as a blessing. For this reason, their sons and daughters had a natural sacred responsibility to honor them throughout their life. For they conceived them as their children in the order of nature.  Thus, “Children, honor your mother for being your mother, whether she is good or bad. In doing so, you will be acting righteously. You will be loving her faithfully as good sons and daughters as the Living God wills.”  Nevertheless, Blessed Mary, natural maternity was not the only reason for honoring their mothers.  They also had a second, spiritual basis for honoring “certain mothers” in their society. Specifically, God called His people to especially honor certain mothers for their spiritual goodness or righteousness.  Accordingly, they could only offer this honor to those righteous or virtuous mothers among God’s people who loved God and their neighbors faithfully, including their children.  These mothers alone had the goodness required for being models of spiritual motherhood to their sons and daughters and others.  They lived holy lives.  Hence, they could nourish, form, counsel and instruct their children spiritually by their words, actions and prayers. Thus, God called His people to honor them by humbly receiving their spiritual help. In this sense, through their holiness of life as spiritual mothers, they could act as maternal mediators or intercessors for their spiritual good. This is especially true of you, Blessed Mary, as the Most Holy Mother of God.  You are the greatest maternal intercessor for human beings before God.  As such, your maternal mediation is far greater than any other spiritual mother.  In God’s Providence, you became the most perfect model of spiritual and natural motherhood.  In you, the spiritual fully perfects the natural through the singular grace of holiness you received in your Immaculate Conception. For God created you “full of grace” as His Immaculate Daughter to prepare you to say yes to the greatest blessing you would receive in your life, “the blessed fruit of your womb,” the uncreated person of God the Son as man, in your Divine Maternity.  Blessed Mary, as I preach, pray and contemplate God’s Word in your life through the Sacred Mysteries of your Holy Rosary, may I honor you as the Most Perfect Mother, the all-holy Virgin Mother of God, throughout my life.
     O Blessed Mother of God, Lady of the Holy Rosary, God created you in His divine image as a rational, free person, full of grace. For He desired you to respond rationally and freely to His Word in “the fullness of time” by believing and loving Him perfectly as only you could as the Immaculate Conception.  As a result, after the angel Gabriel announced to you God’s plan for you to become the Mother of His Son, you humbly opened your heart to His Word in faithful and loving obedience to Him, as the Second Eve. For this reason, “Blessed are you, Mary, who believed and obeyed God’s message.” In doing so, you proclaimed your great fiat, your great yes, to God. “Behold, I am the handmaid of the Lord. May it be done to me according to your word.” In this great fiat to God, you became His Mother by choice.  You said yes to your singular vocation in God’s plan of salvation. As such, you are honored as the first and greatest disciple of your Son, the first member of His Body, the Church. For you responded faithfully and lovingly to your call to become His Mother. Accordingly, Blessed Mary, as Mother of God the Redeemer, you desire only to lead others to salvation in Him. In this sense, in offering yourself fully to your Son as His Mother through your great yes, you teach all peoples to say yes to Him.  You teach them to do as He says.  You did this during the marriage feast of Cana by instructing the people, “Do whatever He tells you.”  Blessed Mary, as I preach, pray and contemplate God’s Word in your life through the Sacred Mysteries of your Holy Rosary, may I also humbly say yes to Him throughout my life as a faithful and loving disciple, as you did.
     O Blessed Mother of the Church, Lady of the Holy Rosary, in calling you to be the Mother of His Son, God also called you to be the Mother of His disciples. You would fulfill this Maternal vocation on their behalf throughout your life, first interiorly in your heart and later publically. This Maternity would become more and more public during your lifetime, especially after the death of your Son, Jesus Christ. For this reason, from the cross before He died, He publically proclaimed you to be the Mother of His disciple, St. John. For He said to John, “Behold, your Mother,” Mary. In doing so, He also told you, “Woman, behold, your son.”  Henceforth, John publically honored you as his Mother by welcoming you into his home as a faithful and loving son.  In a sense, he represents all your Son’s disciples in this Gospel story.  As such, he receives you as his Mother on their behalf.  For God providentially predestined you to “full or perfect Motherhood” of BOTH the “Head” and the “Body” of Christ.  The Head represents your Son, Jesus Christ, and the Body signifies His Church.  They form a spiritual communion in grace through the Holy Spirit. Hence, the Holy Spirit unites the Head and the Body to one another supernaturally as a single subject. For this reason, they belong to one another spiritually in the Holy Spirit.  Consequently, Blessed Mary, people who claim that your Motherhood does not include the Body, but only the Head, have an imperfect or incomplete understanding of the nature of your Maternity.  For through the Holy Spirit, you became the Mother of the Head in the order of nature and the Mother of the Body in the order of grace.  Accordingly, your perfect or full Maternity includes being both natural Mother to the Head and spiritual Mother to the Body.  For through your yes, God created your Maternity first by conceiving His Son as man and later His disciples as Church by the Holy Spirit.  In this sense, He called you not merely to be the Mother of the Head of the Church, Jesus Christ, but also to be the Mother of the members of the Church, the disciples.  Hence, God fulfilled your first or natural Maternity by conceiving His Son in you as man through the Holy Spirit. For this reason, you are the Mother of God the Son by nature, for He received His body from yours and His soul from God in His conception, as all human beings do.  On the other hand, God fulfilled your second Maternity, your spiritual Maternity, in you by recreating the disciples in the image of your Son as adopted sons and daughters of the Father by the grace of the Holy Spirit on Pentecost.  In doing so, He made them your spiritual children; and spiritual siblings to Christ, their Lord and Redeemer. Accordingly, Blessed Mary, in the Church you are a spiritual Mother to all the disciples of Christ in the order of grace.  Thus, the basis for your spiritual Maternity is your natural Maternity of God the Son. For you first received your spiritual Maternity interiorly by becoming the natural Mother of God. In His preaching ministry, your Son briefly mentions this spiritual Motherhood, at least implicitly. He says that the woman who “does the will of God” is His “mother.” But no woman has ever fulfilled God’s will more perfectly in life than you have, Blessed Mary. You are the most perfect model of spiritual motherhood for all women in the Church because you fulfilled God’s will perfectly.  In you, they can all learn to be true spiritual mothers through their faithful and loving obedience to God’s will.  As I preach, pray and contemplate God’s Word in your life through the Sacred Mysteries of your Holy Rosary, may I become more and more a faithful and loving son of yours throughout my life.  I welcome you into my heart to be “my Mother” for all eternity, as St. John did.
     O Blessed Mother of God and Mother of His People, Lady of the Holy Rosary, as I preach, pray and contemplate your faithful and loving response to God’s call in the Sacred Mysteries, I am inspired to offer myself completely to Christ through you. You are the greatest Mother and Disciple of your Son.  You only desire for all people to be fully perfected in Him spiritually. This is the goal of your discipleship vocation as Mother of God and Mother of His Church.  Dear Mother, intercede to your Son for me this day through your prayers. May I find blessing in Him through your maternal  intercession. For as His Mother, you have received the singular vocation of mothering all peoples to salvation in Him. Hence, all generations have called you “blessed” because in your blessedness as God’s Mother, they have all received blessing. They have become beneficiaries of God the Son through your Motherhood. Therefore, Blessed Mother, I call upon you as your son to help form and guide me as a faithful and loving disciple of Christ.  As children are naturally subject to their mother in life, I freely and fully subject myself to you as my Mother, including my intellect and will, all the senses of my body, my heart, my soul and all my passions. Mother me, Blessed Mary. Teach and guide me to love your Son and all people faithfully all the days of my life. May this Rosary Novena help me become increasingly perfected in your Son through your faithful and loving maternal intercession. Amen.
In Christ with Blessed Mary, Our Lady of the Holy Rosary,
Friar Mariano D. Veliz, O.P.
frmarianovelizop@preachmypsalter.com 

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