According to St. Paul, in the fullness of time God sent His Son to become the Son of Man through a Woman to save human beings. All the Gospels proclaim this Son of God to be Jesus Christ, the Son of the Virgin Mary. During His natural life as Man, He prepared the people of God through His preaching and healing ministry to believe that He was the Son of God, the Messiah, who would suffer and die for their salvation. For this reason, He would become the Ideal or Perfect Model of human moral agency for all people, for He alone would be their Savior.
At the same time, they could only receive salvation from Him through a faithful act of repentance for their sins. Accordingly, during His ministry, He called human beings to repent for their sins. In the Gospel He says, “I have not come to call the righteous to repentance but sinners.” After hearing this call from Him, people guilty of particular sins repented for them. These penitents included Levi, Zacchaeus, a sinful woman, and a woman guilty of adultery. As a result, they received forgiveness from Jesus Christ through their repentance. Hence, He proclaimed in His preaching, “The Son of Man has authority on Earth to forgive sins”. Conversely, He also had the authority to retain the sins of impenitent people. This means that He had the authority not to forgive them if they did not repent. After all, as rational, free human beings, if they failed to repent for their sins, they would be closing their hearts to His offer of grace. This would be their moral choice. Consequently, Jesus would not release their sins from them through forgiveness. On the contrary, He would retain their sins in them as a just punishment for their unrepentance. In doing so, He prayed that this would help them open their hearts to the grace of repentance sometime during their life before they died. For this reason, the desired end or terminus of His just punishment of these people was medicinal. He hoped that they would be moved to open their hearts to His healing mercy.
To this end, after His Resurrection, He appeared to His apostles and breathed the Holy Spirit upon them. In this act, they received from Him a ministerial participation in His authority on Earth to forgive or retain the sins of the members of His Body, the Church. He tells them, “Receive the Holy Spirit. Whose sins you forgive are forgiven them, and whose sins you retain are retained.” On the one hand, through the Holy Spirit, the apostles received from Christ the faculty to forgive penitents for their sins ministerially, for they could act in the person of Christ the Head. These penitents would be people who repented. In doing so, they opened their hearts to receive the healing mercy of Christ. This grace reconciled them to Christ and to His Body, the Church. On the other hand, the apostles also received a participation in the authority of Christ to retain the sins of impenitent people as a just punishment for their unrepentance, for they closed their hearts to the mercy of Christ. Consequently, they remained unreconciled to Christ and to His Church. In this sense, Christ instituted Penance as a Sacrament in the Church as a means for His apostles and their successors to perpetuate His ministry of justice and mercy sacramentally on Earth through the Holy Spirit. On this basis, in this Sacrament Christ reveals, once again, the unity of the justice and mercy of the Son of God, Jesus Christ, in His plan of salvation for all people.
In Church Teaching, the nature of the Sacrament of Penance, as instituted by Christ Himself, contains four parts. These four parts include the three acts of the Catholic penitent, and the single act of the priest. According to the Church, the first part of the Sacrament is the act of the penitent called contrition. Thus, Thomas says, “the first requirement on the part of the penitent is the will to atone…by contrition”. This means in his desire to atone, through an act of his will, the penitent is contrite or sorry for his sins from his heart. He is sorry for his sins against God, his neighbor and himself. As a result, his contrition moves him to hate his sins. This is his first renouncement of sin in his heart. For this reason, he is resolved not to sin again. Accordingly, the Fathers of the Council of Trent teach that contrition includes sorrow and hatred for sin and the resolution not to sin again. Moreover, in the Catholic Tradition such a resolution would also require that the penitent be resolved to avoid all the voluntary near occasions of sin such as particular persons, places and objects that would easily lead him to sin in his human fragility. The Tradition calls these near occasions voluntary for the penitent because he can avoid them through prudential moral choices. Therefore, he would certainly have the responsibility to avoid them as a contrite moral agent. In doing so, he would guard himself against sin. Finally, the Church teaches that contrition can be either perfect or imperfect in the penitent. On the one hand, perfect contrition means that the sorrow and hatred he has in his heart for his sins proceed from his love for God as his First and Greatest Love. As such, this perfect contrition is also called contrition of love or charity. On the other hand, in imperfect contrition, the penitent has a sorrow and hatred for his sins for other reasons, such as a fear of eternal punishment in hell. The goal or ideal of the penitent is certainly perfect contrition, but imperfect contrition is also acceptable. Hence, in either case, the penitent has the required contrition to receive the grace of the Sacrament.
According to the Church, the second act of the penitent in the Sacrament of Penance is the confession of his sins. Accordingly, Thomas teaches that through confession the penitent subjects himself to “the judgment of the priest”. For here the priest, standing in the place of God, acts in the Person of Christ the Head, the Just and Merciful Judge. As the Church says, Christ Himself instituted the Sacrament of Penance for the penitent to receive His judgment of justice and mercy, after Baptism, through the ministry of the priest. In this Sacrament, the Church only recommends the Catholic penitent to confess his venial sins to the priest, but requires him to confess all his mortal sins to him. On the one hand, his guilt for venial sin only wounds the grace of Christ in his soul. Consequently, he incurs only a debt of temporal punishment. On the other hand, for mortal or deadly sin he incurs a stain in his soul, called spiritual death, because this sin destroys the grace of Christ in him. Consequently, he subjects himself to the debt of eternal punishment. The Fathers of the Council of Trent teach that these consequences or penalties proceed from the harmful “nature of sin”. After all, sin either wounds or destroys the grace of Christ in the soul of the penitent. In this sense, through venial sin, the penitent does not lose the grace of Christ, the grace of justification, but he does lose this grace through mortal sin, including the theological virtue of charity. Indeed, he loses all the blessings that Christ merited for him on the Cross for his salvation. Consequently, he cannot enter Heaven spiritually dead through mortal sin. For this reason, the Catholic Church teaches that Christ instituted the Sacrament of Penance to reconcile to Himself and to His Church, the penitent guilty of mortal sin. On this basis, the penitent certainly prepares himself to receive the justice and mercy of Christ through his confession to a priest.
In the Catholic Tradition, the third and final act for the Catholic penitent in the Sacrament of Penance is for him to do satisfaction for his sins, as the justice of God requires. According to Thomas, in satisfaction the penitent offers to God the honor due Him, the honor he had denied Him through sin. For this reason, the penitent remains bound to satisfy, but recompense here for the penitent can proceed no further than through an act that denies himself something that belongs to him in reparation for his sin, for God can acquire nothing from him. As such, for this to be satisfactory, Thomas says that the justice of God requires that the act of the penitent be morally good and painful or sacrificial. The goodness of the act honors God, but the pain of the act, the sacrifice, denies or removes something from the penitent that belongs to him. This has a medicinal nature that helps him purify himself from the remains of the sin that may be in his heart, the tendency or inclination to the particular sin. This penitential act of satisfaction is a just punishment that pleases God, for here the penitent offers to God the honor due Him as God in reparation for the sin. In Catholic Teaching, such an act could include prayer, fasting or almsgiving. They all satisfy for sin, for they are all good acts honoring God that involve the penitent denying or renouncing something from himself sacrificially in atonement for sin, his material goods (alms), bodily pleasure or nourishment (fasting), and his self-will (prayer). Accordingly, in the Sacrament of Penance, Thomas says that the penitent “atones according to the decision of the minister of God…in satisfaction”. In this sense, as a just and merciful judge in the Tribunal of the Confessional, the priest assigns the penitent a just penance to satisfy for his sins as atonement. As for the penitent, he subjects his will to the judgment of the priest by his faithful, moral choice to do the satisfactory penance as a just punishment for his sins. In doing so, he receives the justice and mercy of Christ through the priest. For the terminus or end of his just punishment is the merciful satisfaction for his sins. In doing so, he atones for them penitentially through his participation in the merits of the satisfactory Passion of Christ. Additionally, the Fathers of the Council of Trent teach that God also calls the penitent to offer up as voluntary satisfactory penances for his sins, the trials or crucibles that he may suffer in this life, including bodily, spiritual and mental illness, injustice and persecution. As Thomas teaches, these satisfactory penances or punishments that the penitent receives either from the priest in the Sacrament of Penance or from God in his life reestablish a balance or harmony in the order of God’s justice that was lost through the sin.
Finally, the Church teaches that the act of the priest completes or perfects the Sacrament of Penance as a ministry of the Keys. In particular, he completes the Sacrament by his faculty to forgive the penitent of all his mortal sins, including his debt of eternal punishment, through the grace of absolution. Indeed, after the penitent offers the required contrition and confession of his sins and subjects his will to the just satisfactory penance he receives from the judgment of the priest, the priest mercifully absolves the penitent of the stain and eternal debt of his mortal sins. As a result, he becomes sanctified as a son of God through the grace of justification he receives from Christ in the absolution. This reconciles him to Christ and His Church. For this reason, reestablished in the grace of Christ through the ministry of the priest, the penitent can finally atone for his sins penitentially as the justice of God requires. As such, the judgment of the priest in the confessional is “both just and merciful.” In a sense, he punishes satisfactorily, but also absolves mercifully. Accordingly, after the penitent receives this justice and mercy of Christ through the penance and absolution of the priest, there remains some debt of punishment for the penitent to atone for by satisfaction. This is not the eternal debt, but the temporal debt. For the debt of the “temporal punishment of sin remains” for the penitent to satisfy for penitentially in justice. In this sense, after Saint Paul receives the mercy of Christ, His forgiveness, through the healing ministry of Ananias, he learns that he will also have to suffer much in this life for the Name of Christ as a just temporal punishment for his mortal sins against Christ and His Body, the Church. Thus, Paul paid this temporal debt to the justice of God through the trials, crucibles and persecutions he suffered for the Holy Name of Jesus in this life. In doing so, he made satisfaction for his sins through His participation in the satisfactory Passion of Christ, the source of all satisfaction. On this basis, the absolution of the priest mercifully cleanses or purifies the penitent of his stain and eternal debt for mortal sin, but his temporal debt remains for him to satisfy the justice of God penitentially in this life.
In Christ with Blessed Mary,
Friar Mariano D. Veliz, O.P.